ArticleFrontiers in public health2024
Mapping geographical inequalities of incomplete immunization in Ethiopia: a spatial with multilevel analysis.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Uptake of the Second Dose of the Measles Vaccine and Its Determinants Among Children Aged Less Than 5 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Disparities and barriers to life-course vaccination in Ethiopia: Evidence from a household survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Assessing Geographic Inequalities in Childhood Immunisation Coverage: A Critical Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Methods.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Determinants of childhood immunization coverage in Somalia: evidence from the Somalia Demographic and Health Survey 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Spatial distribution and multilevel determinants of unvaccinated children in Somaliland: analysis of the 2020 Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Zero-Dose Childhood Immunization in Conflict-Affected PSNP Districts of Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Epidemiology: Temporal and spatial patterns of measles in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019-2024: implications for targeted intervention.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Gender Dynamics in Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy Among Primary Caregivers in Ethiopia: A Mixed-Methods Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Assessing Prevalence and Regional Disparities in Zero-Dose Immunization Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Somalia.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Determinants of incomplete immunization among 12-23 months old children in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Spatial distribution of effective coverage of child immunisation in Ethiopia.BMJ public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions, averting 3.5-5 million deaths every year worldwide. However, incomplete immunization remains a major public health concern, particularly in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to investigate the geographical inequalities and determinants of incomplete immunization in Ethiopia. Methods: A secondary analysis of the mini-Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS 2019) was performed, utilizing a weighted sample of 3,865 children aged 12-23 months. A spatial auto-correlation (Global Moran's I) statistic was computed using ArcGIS version 10.7.1 to assess the geographical distribution of incomplete immunization. Hot-spot (areas with a high proportion of incomplete immunization), and cold spot areas were identified through Getis-Ord Gi Results: Overall, in Ethiopia, more than half (54%, 95% CI: 48-58%) of children aged 12-23 months were not fully immunized. The spatial analysis revealed that the distribution of incomplete immunization was highly clustered in certain areas of Ethiopia (Z-score value = 8.379419, Conclusion and recommendation: In Ethiopia, incomplete immunization is not randomly distributed. Various factors at both individual and community levels significantly influence childhood immunization status in the country. It is crucial to reduce disparities in socio-demographic status through enhanced collaboration across multiple sectors and by bolstering the utilization of maternal health care services. This requires concerted efforts from stakeholders.
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