The Localized Neuroendocrine Transformation of Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review of Current Treatment Modalities.

Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. However, there is a rare and aggressive subtype known as small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP). This variant of prostate cancer is marked by its distinctive features, including high-grade malignancy, neuroendocrine differentiation, and a unique clinical presentation, often involving metastases. This report details the presentation and management of a 66-year-old African-American male who was originally diagnosed with high-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate. At initial diagnosis, the patient was suboptimally treated with radiation alone without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). On re-biopsy several years later, he was found to have localized recurrent disease with transformation into SCCP. The prognosis for SCCP is poor with a mean survival. Patients typically present with metastases, commonly to the brain, liver, bones, or bladder. SCCP after treatment for adenocarcinoma of the prostate is more common than de novo presentation. The amount of neuroendocrine differentiation of SCCP often increases with treatment, particularly after treatment with ADT. This report emphasizes the importance of timely and optimal care when treating prostate cancer and suggests potential consequences that inappropriate treatment or treatment delays may entail.