ArticleEBioMedicine2024
T cell hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children: a longitudinal study.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses After mRNA-1273 Vaccination in Children 6 Months to 11 Years of Age.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Longitudinal analysis of humoral and cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 exposed families.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Memory T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Long-term COVID-19: Effects of Vaccination Status.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Assessing the Value of T cell Monitoring in the General Population of Children and Adolescents - Insights From the Ciao Corona Cohort Study.International journal of public health · 2025Observational
- Review
- Humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated children following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundHybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2, resulting from both vaccination and natural infection, remains insufficiently understood in paediatric populations, despite increasing rates of breakthrough infections among vaccinated children.
methodsWe conducted a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the magnitude, specificity, and cytokine profile of antigen-specific T cell responses elicited by breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of mRNA-vaccinated children (n = 29) aged 5-11. This longitudinal analysis involved six distinct time points spanning a 16-month period post-vaccination, during which we analysed a total of 159 blood samples. All children who were followed for at least 12 months (n = 26) experienced a breakthrough infection. We conducted cytokine release assays using minimal blood samples, and we verified the cellular origin of these responses through intracellular cytokine staining.
findingsAfter breakthrough infection, children who had received mRNA vaccines showed enhanced Th1 responses specific to Spike peptides. Additionally, their Spike-specific T cells exhibited a distinctive enrichment of CD4+ IFN-γ+IL10+ cells, a characteristic akin to adults with hybrid immunity. Importantly, vaccination did not impede the development of multi-specific T cell responses targeting Membrane, Nucleoprotein, and ORF3a/7/8 antigens.
interpretationChildren, previously primed with a Spike-based mRNA vaccine and experiencing either symptomatic or asymptomatic breakthrough infection, retained the ability to enhance and diversify Th1/IL-10 antigen-specific T cell responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins. These findings mirror characteristics associated with hybrid cellular immunity in adults, known to confer resistance against severe COVID-19.
fundingThis study was funded by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Singapore (COVID19RF-0019, MOH-000019, MOH-000535, OFLCG19May-0034 and MOH-OFYIRG19nov-0002).
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