ArticleEuropean radiology2024
The prognostic importance of traumatic axonal injury on early MRI: the Trondheim TAI-MRI grading and quantitative models.
Article in European radiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prognostic Value of MRI Anatomical Radiologic Scores for One-Year Neurological Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurocritical care · 2026Observational
- Neurological Outcome Beyond the ICU in Patients with Severe Acute Brain Injury: A Knowledge gap for ICU Teams.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2026Observational
- Volume over location: MRI lesion mapping in moderate to severe TBI prognosis.European radiology · 2026Article
- Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: lesion frequency distribution maps and prognostic importance of brain contusions on early MRI.European radiology · 2026Article
- Stepwise clinical and diagnostic strategy for coma of unknown origin.Intensive care medicine · 2026Review
- Increased intracranial pressure in severe traumatic axonal injury patients - A retrospective single-center study.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: abbreviated injury scale scoring and coding of traumatic axonal injury from early MRI.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Integrative Diagnostic and Prognostic Paradigms in Diffuse Axonal Injury: Insights from Clinical, Histopathological, Biomolecular, Radiological, and AI-Based Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Timing of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Moderate and Severe TBI: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Traumatic brain injury management in the intensive care unit: standard of care and knowledge gaps.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF FUNCTIONING AND LIFE SATISFACTION AFTER MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI - AN EXPLORATORY COHORT STUDY.Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe analysed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after traumatic brain injury (TBI) aiming to improve the grading of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) to better reflect the outcome.
methodsFour-hundred sixty-three patients (8-70 years) with mild (n = 158), moderate (n = 129), or severe (n = 176) TBI and early MRI were prospectively included. TAI presence, numbers, and volumes at predefined locations were registered on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion-weighted imaging, and presence and numbers on T2*GRE/SWI. Presence and volumes of contusions were registered on FLAIR. We assessed the outcome with the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. Multivariable logistic and elastic-net regression analyses were performed.
resultsThe presence of TAI differed between mild (6%), moderate (70%), and severe TBI (95%). In severe TBI, bilateral TAI in mesencephalon or thalami and bilateral TAI in pons predicted worse outcomes and were defined as the worst grades (4 and 5, respectively) in the Trondheim TAI-MRI grading. The Trondheim TAI-MRI grading performed better than the standard TAI grading in severe TBI (pseudo-R
conclusionsWe propose the Trondheim TAI-MRI grading (grades 1-5) with bilateral TAI in mesencephalon or thalami, and bilateral TAI in pons as the worst grades. The predictive value was highest for the quantitative models including FLAIR volume of TAI and contusions (GCS score <13) or FLAIR volume of contusions (GCS score ≥ 13), which emphasise artificial intelligence as a potentially important future tool. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The Trondheim TAI-MRI grading reflects patient outcomes better in severe TBI than today's standard TAI grading and can be implemented after external validation. The prognostic importance of volumetric models is promising for future use of artificial intelligence technologies. KEY POINTS: Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is an important injury type in all TBI severities. Studies demonstrating which MRI findings that can serve as future biomarkers are highly warranted. This study proposes the most optimal MRI models for predicting patient outcome at 6 months after TBI; one updated pragmatic model and a volumetric model. The Trondheim TAI-MRI grading, in severe TBI, reflects patient outcome better than today's standard grading of TAI and the prognostic importance of volumetric models in all severities of TBI is promising for future use of AI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.