Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38890702›Full record

ArticleBiology of sex differences2024

Sex and gender differences in adverse events following influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.

Anna Yin, Nadia Wang, Patrick J Shea, Erica N Rosser, Helen Kuo, Janna R Shapiro, Katherine Z J Fenstermacher, Andrew Pekosz, Richard E Rothman, Sabra L Klein and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biology of sex differences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Observational
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Sex differences research is important!Biology of sex differences · 2025
    Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Anna YinDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1612-5532
Nadia WangDepartment of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Patrick J SheaDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Erica N RosserDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Helen KuoDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Janna R ShapiroDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Katherine Z J FenstermacherDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Andrew PekoszDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Richard E RothmanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Sabra L KleinDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. sklein2@jhu.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-0730-5224
Rosemary MorganDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. rosemary.morgan@jhu.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5009-8470

Funding

Sex differences in the impact of frailty on vaccine-induced immune responses in community-dwelling older adultsU54AG062333 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI KLEIN, SABRA L. · 2018 to 2022
$8.9M
National Institute of Health/National Institute of Aging Specialized Center of Research Excellence U54 AG062333National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response, contract Health and Human Services N7593021C00045National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, contract Health and Human Services N2772201400007CNIA NIH HHS U54 AG062333
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionActive and passive surveillance studies have found that a greater proportion of females report adverse events (AE) following receipt of either the COVID-19 or seasonal influenza vaccine compared to males. In a predominately young adult female population of healthcare workers, we sought to determine the intersection of biological sex and sociocultural gender differences in prospective active reporting of vaccine outcomes, which remains poorly characterized.

methodsThis cohort study enrolled Johns Hopkins Health System healthcare workers (HCWs) who were recruited from the mandatory annual fall 2019-2022 influenza vaccine and the fall 2022 COVID-19 bivalent vaccine campaigns. Vaccine recipients were enrolled the day of vaccination and AE surveys were administered two days post-vaccination for bivalent COVID-19 and influenza vaccine recipients. Data were collected regarding the presence of a series of solicited local and systemic AEs. Open-ended answers about participants' experiences with AEs also were collected for the COVID-19 vaccine recipients.

resultsFemales were more likely to report local AEs after either influenza (OR = 2.28, p = 0.001) or COVID-19 (OR = 2.57, p = 0.008) vaccination compared to males, regardless of age or race. Males and females had comparable probabilities of reporting systemic AEs after either influenza (OR = 1.18, p = 0.552) or COVID-19 (OR = 0.96, p = 0.907) vaccination. Hormonal birth control use did not impact the rates of reported AEs following influenza vaccination among reproductive-aged female HCWs. Women reported more interruptions in their daily routine following COVID-19 vaccination than men and were more likely to seek out self-treatment. More women than men scheduled their COVID-19 vaccination before their days off in anticipation of AEs.

conclusionsOur findings highlight the need for sex- and gender-inclusive policies to inform more effective mandatory occupational health vaccination strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential disruption of AEs on occupational responsibilities following mandated vaccination for healthcare workers, a predominately female population, and to more fully characterize the post-vaccination behavioral differences between men and women.

Indexed as

COVID-19 VaccinesInfluenza VaccinesSex CharacteristicsAdultCohort StudiesCOVID-19FemaleHealth PersonnelHumansInfluenza, HumanMaleMiddle AgedVaccinationYoung AdultCOVID-19 VaccinesInfluenza VaccinesBirth controlCOVID-19 mRNA vaccineReactogenicitySeasonal influenza vaccineVaccine hesitancy

Identifiers

PMID38890702
PMCPMC11184791

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.