ArticleNature microbiology2024
Immune imprinting in early life shapes cross-reactivity to influenza B virus haemagglutinin.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune imprinting in a changing world.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Epistasis facilitates the long-term antigenic evolution of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of Immunological Imprinting by RNA Viruses and Intervention Strategies.Viruses · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Birth imprinting effects on the antibody responses of H7N9 patients from 2013-2018 in China.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Age-dependent immune landscapes affect influenza vaccine effectiveness and guide precision strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Influenza virus research in an era of emerging respiratory threats: host-virus interactions, surveillance technologies, antiviral management and resistance, and vaccine preparedness.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Immunity to Influenza B/Yamagata-Lineage Viruses Has Not Waned Since the Disappearance of This Virus Lineage.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Review
- Estimating Standard-Dose and High-Dose Fluzone Vaccine Efficacies for Influenza A Based on Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Investigation of Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Neutralization by Quadrivalent Seasonal Vaccines, United Kingdom, 2021-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza and COVID-19 vaccination in Canadian blood donors: A comparison across pre- and post-pandemic periods.Vox sanguinis · 2025Article
- Systems Human Immunology and AI: Immune Setpoint and Immune Health.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- A DNA vaccine based on hemagglutinin and conserved epitopes of influenza B virus provides cross-lineage protection in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza exposures early in life are believed to shape future susceptibility to influenza infections by imprinting immunological biases that affect cross-reactivity to future influenza viruses. However, direct serological evidence linked to susceptibility is limited. Here we analysed haemagglutination-inhibition titres in 1,451 cross-sectional samples collected between 1992 and 2020, from individuals born between 1917 and 2008, against influenza B virus (IBV) isolates from 1940 to 2021. We included testing of 'future' isolates that circulated after sample collection. We show that immunological biases are conferred by early life IBV infection and result in lineage-specific cross-reactivity of a birth cohort towards future IBV isolates. This translates into differential estimates of susceptibility between birth cohorts towards the B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages, predicting lineage-specific birth-cohort distributions of observed medically attended IBV infections. Our data suggest that immunological measurements of imprinting could be important in modelling and predicting virus epidemiology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
38890491What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.