ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2024
Association of Domestic Water Hardness with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Cancers: Evidence from 447,996 UK Biobank Participants.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations Between Domestic Water Hardness, Genetic Risk and Severe MASLD: A Large-Scale Cohort Study.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Association between drinking water hardness and incidence of hospitalization for childhood fracture: an ecological study of England.JBMR plus · 2026Article
- Water hardness and digestive diseases: a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Circulating metabolite signatures mediating the association between minerals in domestic water and incident MASLD: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association Between Domestic Water Hardness and MRI-Based Measures of Brain Volume: Evidence from the UK Biobank.Health data science · 2026Article
- Public risk perceptions of advanced water purification in an arid urban region of the U.S. southwest: A mixed methods study.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- A study of the protective association of hard water on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a cross-sectional and cohort study of 481,468 participants in the UK Biobank.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Associations of domestic hard water metrics with the risk of gout incidence and recurrence.PloS one · 2025Article
- Comment on "Association of Domestic Water Hardness with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Cancers: Evidence from 447,996 UK Biobank Participants".Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
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6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that domestic water hardness is linked to health outcomes, but its association to all-cause and cause-specific cancers warrants investigation.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of domestic hard water with all-cause and cause-specific cancers.
methodsIn the prospective cohort study, a total of 447,996 participants from UK Biobank who were free of cancer at baseline were included and followed up for 16 y. All-cause and 22 common cause-specific cancer diagnoses were ascertained using hospital inpatient records and self-reported data until 30 November 2022. Domestic water hardness, measured by
resultsOver a median follow-up of 13.6 y (range: 12.7-14.4 y), 58,028 all-cause cancer events were documented. A U-shaped relationship between domestic water hardness and all-cause cancers was observed ( DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that domestic water hardness was associated with all-cause and multiple cause-specific cancers. Findings from the UK Biobank support a potentially beneficial association between hard water and the incidence of all-cause cancer. However, very hard water may increase the risk of all-cause cancer. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13606.
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