ArticleOrthodontics & craniofacial research2024
Effect of thermomechanical ageing on force transmission by orthodontic aligners made of different thermoformed materials: An experimental study.
Article in Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ageing effects on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of clear aligners - a systematic review.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Pooled it
- Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printable Aligner Resins: An In Vitro Study with FTIR Chemical Characterization.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Thermoforming time variability of PET-G and TPU aligner sheets across consecutive thermoforming cycles: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Review
- Force systems of direct printed and thermoformed aligners with different trimlines during rotational movements: an in vitro analysis.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Biomechanical force profiles and force decrease of direct printed versus thermoformed aligners with different trimlines: an in vitro analysis.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Micro-CT evaluation of aligner fit and thickness in 3D-printed and thermoformed aligners: Differences in relation to inner-surface offset design and tooth regions.Korean journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Effect of 3D-printed model base height on thickness distribution of thermoformed zendura FLX dual-layer clear aligners: anFrontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Embrasure aligner fit and thickness in 3D-printed and thermoformed aligners: a microcomputed tomography study.Progress in orthodontics · 2025Article
- Properties enhancements of clear aligners after the laser surface texturing modification on thermoplastic polyurethane.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Evaluation of aging effects on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials for orthodontic clear aligners: an in vivo study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Thermoplastics for Clear Aligners: A Review.Polymers · 2025Review
- Effect of thermomechanical ageing on force transmission by orthodontic aligners made of different thermoformed materials: An experimental study.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesInvestigating the impact of thermal and mechanical loading on the force generation of orthodontic aligners made from various thermoplastic materials and different compositions. MATERIALS AND
methodsFive distinct materials were utilized including, three multi-layer (Zendura FLX, Zendura VIVA, CA Pro) and two single-layer (Zendura A and Duran). A total of 50 thermoformed aligners (n = 10) underwent a 48-hour ageing protocol, which involved mechanical loading resulting from a 0.2 mm facial malalignment of the upper right central incisor (Tooth 11) and thermal ageing through storage in warm distilled water at 37°C. The force exerted on Tooth 11 of a resin model was measured both before and after ageing using pressure-sensitive films and a biomechanical setup.
resultsBefore ageing, pressure-sensitive films recorded normal contact forces ranging from 83.1 to 149.7 N, while the biomechanical setup measured resultant forces ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 N, with lingual forces exceeding facial forces. Multi-layer materials exhibited lower force magnitudes compared to single-layer materials. After ageing, a significant reduction in force was observed, with some materials experiencing up to a 50% decrease. Notably, multi-layer materials, especially Zendura VIVA, exhibited lower force decay.
conclusionsThe force generated by aligners is influenced by both the aligner material and the direction of movement. Multi-layer materials exhibit superior performance compared to single-layer materials, primarily because of their lower initial force, which enhances patient comfort, and their capability to maintain consistent force application even after undergoing ageing.
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