Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2024
Community-Based Cluster-Randomized Trial to Reduce Opioid Overdose Deaths.
Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled TrialMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04111939 (HEALing Communities Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 55 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
HEALing Communities Study: Developing and Testing an Integrated Approach to Address the Opioid Crisis
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrating Nonpharmacological Options Into Perioperative Pain Care: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Implementation of addiction consult services and bridge clinics in the HEALing communities study in Massachusetts.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- The impact of the communities that HEAL intervention on the provision of jail-based medication for opioid use disorder & linkage programs at release: Results from a randomized, wait-list controlled trial.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Trial
- Implementation of mobile medical units for naloxone distribution and MOUD linkage in Ohio's HEALing Communities Study: a community case study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Cost of implementing evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose fatalities in New York State communities.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Trial
- Effects of the Communities That HEAL intervention on initiation, retention, and linkage to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD): A cluster randomized wait-list controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- The effectiveness of the communities that HEAL intervention on reducing non-fatal opioid overdoses: A prespecified secondary analysis of a waitlist cluster control randomized controlled trial.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Trial
- Organizational perspectives on the impacts of scaling up overdose education and naloxone distribution in Kentucky.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Trial
- Effect of the Communities That HEAL Intervention on Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution: A Cluster-Randomized, Wait-List Controlled Trial.American journal of public health · 2025Trial
- Approaches, Barriers, and Facilitators in Statewide Initiative to Combat Opioid Overdose: A Narrative Review of Ohio's Experiences During the HEALing Communities Study.Prehospital emergency care · 2025Trial
- Gabapentinoids and unexplained death in general practice: Case series and feasibility study arising from a critical incident.The European journal of general practice · 2026Article
- Opioid Use Disorder and Evidence-Based Care Among Medicaid-Enrolled Youths.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The association between naloxone distribution, buprenorphine treatment and retention and incident high-risk opioid prescribing with opioid overdose death in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York and Ohio, United States: An exploratory community-level cohort study of data from the HEALing Communities Study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Observational
- Initiation of Gabapentin with Opioids and Risk of Respiratory Cardiovascular and Opioid-Related Adverse Events Following Surgery for Breast Cancer.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Community Advisory Board Members Speak Out: Insights From an Opioid Overdose Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Impact of enhanced practices on opioid overdose deaths: A community-based modeling approach.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of community-based interventions for reducing opioid overdose and non-overdose deaths: simulation modeling of HEALing Communities Study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Community coalition's diversity and targeted overdose prevention strategies designed to reach special populations.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- The role of external and internal context on adoption and implementation of evidence-based practices: a serial case study qualitative analysis of top performers in the HEALing Communities Study.Implementation science communications · 2026Article
- Illicit drug supply, naloxone availability, and overdose mortality in the fentanyl era: a systematic review.Health affairs scholar · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
163 authors.
HEALing Communities Study Consortium
Jeffrey H SametThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nabila El-BasselThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
T John WinhusenThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rebecca D JacksonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Emmanuel A OgaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Redonna K ChandlerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer VillaniThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0003-2337-2504
Bridget FreisthlerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joella AdamsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Arnie AldridgeThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Angelo AngerameThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Denise C BabineauThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sarah M BagleyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Trevor J BakerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Peter BalvanzThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Carolina BarbosaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joshua BarocasThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Tracy A BattagliaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Dacia D BeardThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Donna BeersThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Derek BlevinsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nicholas BoveThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Carly BriddenThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer L BrownThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Heather M BushThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joshua L BushThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Ryan CaldwellThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Katherine CalverThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Deirdre CalvertThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Aimee N C CampbellThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jane CarpenterThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rachel CasparThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Deborah ChasslerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joan ChayaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Debbie M ChengThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Chinazo O CunninghamThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Anindita DasguptaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
James L DavidThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Alissa DavisThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Tammy DeanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Mari-Lynn DrainoniThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Barry EgglestonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Laura C FanucchiThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Daniel J FeasterThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Soledad FernandezThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Wilson FigueroaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Darcy A FreedmanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Patricia R FreemanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Caroline E FreiermuthThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Eric FriedlanderThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Kitty H GelbergThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Erin B GibsonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Louisa GilbertThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
LaShawn GlasgowThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Dawn A Goddard-EckrichThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Stephen GomoriThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Dawn E GrussThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer GulleyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Damara GutnickThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Megan E HallThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nicole Harger DykesThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sarah L HargroveThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Kristin HarlowThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Aumani HarrisThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Daniel HarrisThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Donald W HelmeThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
JaNae HollowayThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Juanita HotchkissThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Terry HuangThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Timothy R HuertaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Timothy HuntThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Ayaz HyderThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0003-4865-6482
Van L IngramThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Tim IngramThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Emily KauffmanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer L KimballThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Elizabeth N KinnardThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Charles KnottThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Hannah K KnudsenThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michael W KonstanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sarah KosakowskiThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Marc R LarochelleThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Hannah M LeaverThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Patricia A LeBaronThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
R Craig LefebvreThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Frances R LevinThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nikki LewisThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nicky LewisThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michelle R LofwallThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
David W LounsburyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jamie E LusterThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michael S LyonsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Aimee MackThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Katherine R MarksThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Stephanie MarquesanoThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rachel MaukThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Ann Scheck McAlearneyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Kristin McConnellThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-7822-1143
Margaret L McGladreyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-7822-1143
Jason McMullanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer MilesThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rosie Munoz LopezThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Alisha NelsonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jessica L NeufeldThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Lisa NewmanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Trang Q NguyenThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Edward V NunesThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Devin A OllerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Carrie B OserThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Douglas R OylerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sharon PagnanoThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Theodore V ParranThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joshua PowellThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Kim PowersThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
William RalstonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Kelly RamseyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Bruce D RapkinThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jennifer G ReynoldsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Monica F RobertsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Will RobertsonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Peter RockThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Emma RodgersThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sandra RodriguezThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Maria RudorfThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Shawn RyanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Pamela SalsberryThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Monika SalvageThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-8027-8779
Nasim SabounchiThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-8027-8779
Merielle SaucierThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Caroline SavitzkyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Bruce SchackmanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Elizabeth SchadyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Eric E SeiberThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Aimee ShadwickThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Abigail ShobenThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michael D SlaterThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Svetla SlavovaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Drew SpeerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Joel SprungerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Laura E StarbirdThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michele StatonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Michael D SteinThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Danelle J Stevens-WatkinsThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Thomas J StopkaThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Ann SullivanThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Hilary L SurrattThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rachel Sword CruzThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jeffery C TalbertThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Jessica L TaylorThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-5256-0796
Katherine L ThompsonThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Nathan VandergriftThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Rachel A Vickers-SmithThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-7224-8916
Deanna J VietzeThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Daniel M WalkerThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-5434-3162
Alexander Y WalleyThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Scott T WaltersThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Roger WeissThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Philip M WestgateThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Elwin WuThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
April M YoungThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Gary A ZarkinThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Sharon L WalshThe authors' affiliations are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, and Boston University School of Public Health (J.H.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (S.M.B.), Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine (T.J.B., P.B., D. Beers, C. Bridden, K.C., J. Carpenter, E.B.G., A. Harris, S.K., Nikki Lewis, R.M.L., M.R., M. Saucier, R.S.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (T.A.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (D.D.B., M.D. Stein), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services (D. Calvert), Boston University School of Social Work (D. Chassler), Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics (D.M.C.), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, and Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management (M.-L.D.), Massachusetts HCS Community Advisory Board (J.L.K., K.P.), Boston Medical Center, Section of Infectious Diseases (E.N.K., C.S.), Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine (M.R. Larochelle, J.L.T., A.Y.W.), Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine (H.M.L.), Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (S.P.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.J.S.), and McLean Hospital, Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry (R.W.) - all in Boston; the Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University (N.E.-B., A. Dasgupta, J.L.D., A. Davis, K.H.G., L. Gilbert, D.A.G.-E., D.E.G., J. Hotchkiss, T. Hunt, J.L.N., E.R., S. Rodriguez, E.W.), New York HCS Community Advisory Board (A. Angerame, R. Caldwell, S.M., K.M., J.P., K.R., W.R., M. Salvage), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry (D. Blevins, A.N.C.C., F.R.L., E.V.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (N.B., D.G., D.W.L., B.D.R.), Montefiore Medical Center (J. Chaya), New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (C.O.C.), City University of New York (T. Huang, N.S.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (B.S.), and the New York Office of Mental Health (A. Sullivan), New York, and the New York State Department of Health, Albany (T.Q.N., E.S.) - all in New York; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (T.J.W.), University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (T.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine (C.E.F., J. McMullan), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (N.H.D.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences (T.I.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (T.V.P.), Brightview Health (S. Ryan), and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (J.S.), Cincinnati, the College of Medicine (R.D.J., S.F., K.H., J.E.L., M.S.L.) and the College of Social Work (B.F.), Center of Health Outcomes and Policy Evaluation Studies (W.F.), Department of Family and Community Medicine (T.R.H., A.S.M., D.M.W.), College of Public Health and Translational Data Analytics Institute (A. Hyder), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.K.), Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center (A.M., R.M.), One Ohio Foundation (A.N.), College of Public Health (P.S., E.E.S., A. Shoben), Recovery Ohio (A. Shadwick), and the School of Communication (M.D. Slater), Ohio State University, Columbus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (D.A.F.), and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (M.W.K.), Cleveland, and Brown County Mental Health and Addiction Services, Georgetown (D.J.V.) - all in Ohio; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.A.O., J.A., A. Aldridge, D. Babineau, C. Barbosa, R. Caspar, B.E., L. Glasgow, S.G., M.E.H., J. Holloway, C.K., P.A.L., R.C.L., L.N., N.V., G.A.Z.); the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (R.K.C., J.V.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Aurora (J.B.); University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.T.W.); Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy, Frankfort (V.L.I.), University of Kentucky, College of Public Health (H.M.B.), University of Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevention Research Center (J.L. Bush, S.L.H ), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (L.C.F.), University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science (P.R.F., D.H., D.R.O.), Commonwealth of Kentucky, Cabinet for Health and Family Services (E.F., K.R.M.), University of Kentucky, Department of Communication (D.W.H., Nicky Lewis), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (H.K.K.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (M.R. Lofwall, S.L.W.), University of Kentucky, Department of Health Management and Policy and Center for Innovation in Population Health (M.L.M.), University of Kentucky, Substance Use Research Priority Area (J. Miles, M.F.R., P.R., D.S.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Internal Medicine (D.A.O.), University of Kentucky, Department of Sociology (C.B.O.), University of Kentucky (B.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics (S.S., P.M.W.), University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics (K.L.T.), University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science (M. Staton, H.L.S.), University of Kentucky, Center for Health Equity Transformation (D.J.S.-W.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Informatics (J.C.T.), and University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (R.A.V.-S., A.M.Y.), Lexington, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Clark County Health Department, Winchester (J.G.) - all in Kentucky; Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lafayette, IN (J.L. Brown); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami (D.J.F.); Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Health Communications, Marketing, and Promotion Program, Oak Ridge, TN (J.G.R.); and University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia (L.E.S.).
Funding
MassHEAL - Reducing overdose deaths by 40% (2019-2023)UM1DA049412 · NIDA · BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER · PI SAMET, JEFFREY H. · 2019 to 2023
$82.9MKentucky CAN HEAL (Communities and Networks Helping End Addiction Long-term)UM1DA049406 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI WALSH, SHARON L. · 2019 to 2022
$81.7MCHASE: An Innovative County-Level Public Health Response to the Opioid Epidemic in New York StateUM1DA049415 · NIDA · COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE · PI EL-BASSEL, NABILA, GILBERT, LOUISA · 2019 to 2023
$77.3MOptimizing HEALing in Ohio Communities (OHiO)-Health Equity SupplementUM1DA049417 · NIDA · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI FREISTHLER, BRIDGET J, WINHUSEN, T JOHN · 2019 to 2023
$66.3MHEALing Communities Study Health Equity ResearchUM1DA049394 · NIDA · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI GLASGOW, LASHAWN, OGA, EMMANUEL AJA · 2019 to 2023
$40.6MTraining Program on HIV and Substance Use in the Criminal Justice SystemT32DA037801 · NIDA · COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE · PI Nabila El-Bassel, Lisa R Metsch · 2014 to 2026
$5.7MNIDA NIH HHS T32 DA037801NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049394NIDA NIH HHS UM1DA049394NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049406NIDA NIH HHS UM1DA049406NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049412NIDA NIH HHS UM1DA049412NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049415NIDA NIH HHS UM1DA049415NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049417NIDA NIH HHS UM1DA049417
Abstract
backgroundEvidence-based practices for reducing opioid-related overdose deaths include overdose education and naloxone distribution, the use of medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder, and prescription opioid safety. Data are needed on the effectiveness of a community-engaged intervention to reduce opioid-related overdose deaths through enhanced uptake of these practices.
methodsIn this community-level, cluster-randomized trial, we randomly assigned 67 communities in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio to receive the intervention (34 communities) or a wait-list control (33 communities), stratified according to state. The trial was conducted within the context of both the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic and a national surge in the number of fentanyl-related overdose deaths. The trial groups were balanced within states according to urban or rural classification, previous overdose rate, and community population. The primary outcome was the number of opioid-related overdose deaths among community adults.
resultsDuring the comparison period from July 2021 through June 2022, the population-averaged rates of opioid-related overdose deaths were similar in the intervention group and the control group (47.2 deaths per 100,000 population vs. 51.7 per 100,000 population), for an adjusted rate ratio of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 1.09; P = 0.30). The effect of the intervention on the rate of opioid-related overdose deaths did not differ appreciably according to state, urban or rural category, age, sex, or race or ethnic group. Intervention communities implemented 615 evidence-based practice strategies from the 806 strategies selected by communities (254 involving overdose education and naloxone distribution, 256 involving the use of medications for opioid use disorder, and 105 involving prescription opioid safety). Of these evidence-based practice strategies, only 235 (38%) had been initiated by the start of the comparison year.
conclusionsIn this 12-month multimodal intervention trial involving community coalitions in the deployment of evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths, death rates were similar in the intervention group and the control group in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and the fentanyl-related overdose epidemic. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; HCS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04111939.).
Indexed as
NaloxoneOpiate OverdoseAdultAnalgesics, OpioidCOVID-19FemaleFentanylHumansMaleMiddle AgedNarcotic AntagonistsPatient Education as TopicUnited StatesYoung AdultAnalgesics, OpioidFentanylNaloxoneNarcotic Antagonists
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT04111939ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.