ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2024
Associations between mycoestrogen exposure and sex steroid hormone concentrations in maternal serum and cord blood in the UPSIDE pregnancy cohort.
Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal mycoestrogen exposure in relation to timing of birth and placental corticotropin releasing hormone concentrations in a U.S. pregnancy cohort.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Diet and mycoestrogen exposure in a pregnancy cohort: the Jersey Babies pilot study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Assessment of Maternal Exposure to Mycotoxins During Pregnancy Through Biomarkers in Fetal and Neonatal Tissues.Toxins · 2025Article
- Models of Endocrine-Disrupting Effects: Human Placental Steroidogenesis.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Review
- Sociodemographic and dietary predictors of maternal and placental mycoestrogen concentrations in a US pregnancy cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Mycoestrogen Exposure during Pregnancy: Impact of theEnvironmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Urinary mycoestrogens and gestational weight gain in the UPSIDE pregnancy cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Polyphenols Regulate the Activity of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Having Both Positive and Negative Effects.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fungal-derived toxin found in global food supplies including cereal grains and processed foods, impacting populations worldwide through diet. Because the chemical structure of ZEN and metabolites closely resembles 17β-estradiol (E2), they interact with estrogen receptors α/β earning their designation as 'mycoestrogens'. In animal models, gestational exposure to mycoestrogens disrupts estrogen activity and impairs fetal growth. Here, our objective was to evaluate relationships between mycoestrogen exposure and sex steroid hormone concentrations in maternal circulation and cord blood for the first time in humans. In each trimester, pregnant participants in the UPSIDE study (n = 297) provided urine for mycoestrogen analysis and serum for hormone analysis. At birth, placental mycoestrogens and cord steroids were measured. We fitted longitudinal models examining log-transformed mycoestrogen concentrations in relation to log-transformed hormones, adjusting for covariates. Secondarily, multivariable linear models examined associations at each time point (1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters, delivery). We additionally considered effect modification by fetal sex. ZEN and its metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), were detected in >93% and >75% of urine samples; >80% of placentas had detectable mycoestrogens. Longitudinal models from the full cohort exhibited few significant associations. In sex-stratified analyses, in pregnancies with male fetuses, estrone (E1) and free testosterone (fT) were inversely associated with ZEN (E1 %Δ: -6.68 95%CI: -12.34, -0.65; fT %Δ: -3.22 95%CI: -5.68, -0.70); while α-ZOL was positively associated with E2 (%Δ: 5.61 95%CI: -1.54, 9.85) in pregnancies with female fetuses. In analysis with cord hormones, urinary mycoestrogens were inversely associated with androstenedione (%Δ: 9.15 95%CI: 14.64, -3.30) in both sexes, and placental mycoestrogens were positively associated with cord fT (%Δ: 37.13, 95%CI: 4.86, 79.34) amongst male offspring. Findings support the hypothesis that mycoestrogens act as endocrine disruptors in humans, as in animal models and livestock. Additional work is needed to understand impacts on maternal and child health.
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