ArticleJMIR biomedical engineering2022
Equity-Driven Sensing System for Measuring Skin Tone-Calibrated Peripheral Blood Oxygen Saturation (OptoBeat): Development, Design, and Evaluation Study.
Article in JMIR biomedical engineering, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Optical phantoms for the characterization and validation of imaging and spectroscopy: a review.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Review
- The Effect of Tattoos on Heart Rate Validity in the Polar Verity Sense Commercial Wearable Device.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of skin tone on photoacoustic imaging and oximetry.Journal of biomedical optics · 2024Article
- A calibration method for smartphone camera photophlethysmography.Frontiers in digital health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany commodity pulse oximeters are insufficiently calibrated for patients with darker skin. We demonstrate a quantitative measurement of this disparity in peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO
objectiveThe objective of this work is to test the following hypotheses and implement an ultra-low-cost smartphone adapter to measure SpO
methodsSynthetic skin with the same optical properties as human skin was used in ex vivo experiments. A skin tone scale was placed in images for calibration and ground truth. To achieve a wide range of SpO
resultsThe 3 skin tones were accurately classified according to the Fitzpatrick scale as types 2, 3, and 5. Classification was performed using the Euclidean distance between the measured red, green, and blue values. Traditional pulse oximeter measurements (n=2000) showed significant differences between skin tones in both alternating current and direct current measurements using ANOVA (direct current: F
conclusionsIn this work, we demonstrate that skin tone has a significant effect on SpO
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