ArticleInfection2024
Infection episodes and islet autoantibodies in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Infection, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Application of a Combined Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Approach to Explore Potential Mechanisms of Biomarkers in NIHL.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Anti-viral action against type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: The GPPAD-AVAnT1A study protocol.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2025Article
- Seasonal Variation in Type 1 Diabetes Incidence in Poland: Exploring the Impact of Viral Infections, Including COVID-19.Pediatric diabetes · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence rates of infection and islet autoimmunity in children at risk for type 1 diabetes.
methods1050 children aged 4 to 7 months with an elevated genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were recruited from Germany, Poland, Sweden, Belgium and the UK. Reported infection episodes and islet autoantibody development were monitored until age 40 months from February 2018 to February 2023.
resultsThe overall infection rate was 311 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 304-318) per 100 person years. Infection rates differed by age, country, family history of type 1 diabetes, and period relative to the pandemic. Total infection rates were 321 per 100 person-years (95% CI 304-338) in the pre-pandemic period (until February 2020), 160 (95% CI 148-173) per 100 person-years in the first pandemic year (March 2020-February 2021; P < 0.001) and 337 (95% CI 315-363) per 100 person-years in subsequent years. Similar trends were observed for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Islet autoantibody incidence rates were 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.4) per 100 person-years in the pre-pandemic period, 1.2 (95% CI 0.8-1.9) per 100 person-years in the first pandemic year (P = 0.46), and 3.4 (95% CI 2.3-4.8) per 100 person-years in subsequent years (P = 0.005 vs. pre-pandemic year; P < 0.001 vs. first pandemic year).
conclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic was associated with significantly altered infection patterns. Islet autoantibody incidence rates increased two-fold when infection rates returned to pre-pandemic levels.
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