Liposomal nanocarriers of preassembled glycocalyx restore normal venular permeability and shear stress sensitivity in sepsis: assessed quantitatively with a novel microchamber system.

The endothelial glycocalyx (EG), covering the luminal side of endothelial cells, regulates vascular permeability and senses wall shear stress. In sepsis, EG undergoes degradation leading to increased permeability and edema formation. We hypothesized that restoring EG integrity using liposomal nanocarriers of preassembled glycocalyx (LNPG) will restore normal venular permeability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis model of mice. To test this hypothesis, we designed a unique perfusion microchamber in which the permeability of isolated venules could be assessed by measuring the concentration of Evans blue dye (EBD) in microliter samples of extravascular solution (ES). Histamine-induced time- and dose-dependent increases in EBD in the ES could be measured, confirming the sensitivity of the microchamber system. Notably, the histamine-induced increase in permeability was significantly attenuated by histamine receptor (H1) antagonist, triprolidine hydrochloride. Subsequently, mice were treated with LPS or LPS + LNPG. When compared with control mice, venules from LPS-treated mice showed a significant increased permeability, which was significantly reduced by LNPG administration. Moreover, in the presence of wall shear stress, intraluminal administration of LNPG significantly reduced the permeability in isolated venules from LPS-treated mice. We have found no sex differences. In conclusion, our newly developed microchamber system allows us to quantitatively measure the permeability of isolated venules. LPS-induced sepsis increases permeability of mesenteric venules that is attenuated by in vivo LNPG administration, which also reestablished endothelial responses to shear stress. Thus, LNPG presents a promising therapeutic potential for restoring EG function and thereby mitigating vasogenic edema due to increased permeability in sepsis.