ArticleHeliyon2024
A comprehensive evaluation of linear and non-linear HRV parameters between paced breathing and stressful mental state.
Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Heart rate variability as a dual-use digital biomarker: integrating clinical, AI, and operational perspectives on human performance and resilience.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Continuous heart rate variability monitoring, stress and recovery in doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Raga Bhairavi in virtual reality reduces stress-related psychophysiological markers.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- A Narrative Review of HRV Metric Selection for Applied Monitoring: RMSSD as the Default Metric for Sport and Exercise.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Review
- Electrocardiogram-Based Mental Stress Detection Amid Everyday Activities Using Machine Learning: Model Development and Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Task difficulty influences heart rate variability: evidence from a pilot study using a multi-level mental arithmetic task.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of static and dynamic canine-assisted intervention in young adults: sex differences in hormonal, EEG, HRV, and emotional responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Relationship between the autonomic nervous system and cerebral autoregulation during controlled breathing.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Psychological profile and heart rate variability in adults with self-perceived chronic stress: secondary analysis from a clinical trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Heart rate dynamics in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: from heterogeneity to wearable digital phenotyping.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- From stress to success: using physiological data to predict cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of slow pranayama in anxiety.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Review
- Resting HRV Sample Entropy Predicts the Magnitude of Post-Exercise Vagal Withdrawal in Young Adults.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Heart rate variability: a multidimensional perspective from physiological marker to brain-heart axis disorders prediction.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Driver fatigue detection using PPG signal, facial features, head postures with an LSTM model.Heliyon · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a crucial metric that provides valuable insight into the balance between relaxation and stress. Previous research has shown that most HRV parameters improve during periods of mental relaxation, while decreasing during tasks involving cognitive workload. Although a comprehensive analysis of both linear and non-linear HRV parameters has been carried out in existing literature, there still exists a need for further research in this area. Additionally, limited knowledge exists regarding how specific interventions may influence the interpretation of these parameters and how the different parameters correlate under different interventions. This study aims to address these gaps by conducting a thorough comparison of different linear and non-linear HRV parameters under mentally relaxed versus stressful states. Methodology: Participants were randomly and equally divided among two between-subjects groups: relaxed-stress (RS) (N = 22) and stress-relaxed (SR) (N = 22). In the RS group, a paced breathing task was given for 5 min to create relaxation, and was followed by a 5-min time-based mental calculation task to create stress. In the SR group, the order of the stress and relaxed tasks was reversed. There was a washout period of 15 min after the first task in both groups. Results: Of the 37 HRV parameters, 33 differed significantly between the two interventions. The majority of the parameters exhibited an improving and degrading tendency of HRV parameters in the relaxed and stressed states, respectively. The correlation of the majority of HRV parameters decreases during stress, while prominent time domain and geometric domain parameters stand out in the correlation. Conclusion: Overall, HRV parameters can be reliably used to assess a person's relaxed and stressed mental states during paced breathing and mental arithmetic task respectively. Furthermore, non-linear HRV parameters provide accurate estimators of the mental state, in addition to the commonly used linear parameters.
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