ArticleToxicology reports2024
Evaluating the human health risks of heavy metal contamination in copper and steel factory effluents in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Occurrence, source identification, and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in freshwater sources used for aquaculture in the Senegal, Gambia, and Casamance river basins.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Commercial Diet Catering Meal Plants in Poland: Compliance with Nutritional Recommendations.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nutrients and toxic heavy metals inToxicology reports · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of heavy metals toxicity in drinking water of selected industrial zones in Gujranwala, Pakistan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination above permissible limits poses a risk to human health. The study evaluated the health risk (cancer and non-cancer) of exposure to copper (Cu) and steel factory wastes on water samples near the factory based on the hazard quotient (HQ) derived from the HM concentrations. Triplicate water samples were collected by purposive sampling and their concentrations of selected HMs [Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cd] were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The health risks were determined from the concentrations of HMs in water samples ingested orally. The range concentrations were [Fe, 0.074-0.178], [Pb, 0.011-0.013], [Cd, 0.005-0.02], and [Mn, 0.023-0.045] which were above the reference values set by World Health Organization. The contribution of the individual metal to the chronic daily intake (CDI) in the three samples are Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu. In the three different samples, the CDI for Mg was highest in the factory borehole [0.15523]. Comparing the CDI values from the three different collection points, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe were highest from the factory effluent. Mg contributed the highest HQ [5.46307] in all the water samples, followed by Pb [3.87618] and then Cd[2.64009], which reflect their significantly high hazard indices observed. The incremental life cancer risk [ILCR] via ingestion showed that the cancer risk resulting from Cd in the different sources demands attention. The factory effluent recorded the highest mean levels of the metals analyzed, which were higher than the permissible limits. Magnesium contributed the highest non-cancer risk, while Cd had the highest cancer risk.
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