ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2024
Etomidate-induced hypokalemia in electronic cigarette users: two case reports and literature review.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Drug-laced vaping-implications and emerging perioperative challenges for the anesthesiologist: a narrative review.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2026Review
- Article
- E-cigarettes and erectile dysfunction: biological mechanisms and research challenges.International journal of impotence research · 2026Review
- Persistent neuropsychiatric dysfunction following chronic tiletamine-containing e-cigarette use: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Development of a rapid targeted and non-targeted analysis method for etomidate and its structural analogues by ambient flame ionization mass spectrometry.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting hospitalization-associated disability in older patients with acute heart failure.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Case Report: A literature review of the medical complications arising from etomidate-laced vapes and two case studies of hypokalemia associated with etomidate use.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dynamic symptom networks in etomidate use disorder: a cross-lagged panel network analysis of craving, compulsive drug seeking, and cognitive control.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Au Ordered Array Substrate for Rapid Detection and Precise Identification of Etomidate in E-Liquid Through Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- From benzodiazepine to etomidate: A risky novel psychoactive substance.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Inhaled Etomidate in Electronic Cigarettes.AACE endocrinology and diabetesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hypokalemia is a common clinical condition that can lead to muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, malignant arrhythmias, and even death. This report describes two cases of severe hypokalemia resulting from the use of electronic cigarettes containing etomidate, both accompanied by varying degrees of adrenal hyperplasia. In both cases, the patients were admitted to the hospital with lower limb weakness and difficulty walking. Relevant examinations revealed low blood potassium, low cortisol, high adrenocorticotropic hormone, low renin, and low aldosterone levels in the patients, with Case 2 also having significant hypertension. In both cases, adrenal CT scans showed thickening of the adrenal glands. After the delivery of potassium supplementation in both cases, blood potassium levels gradually returned to normal and muscle strength gradually improved. The case reports are followed by a review of the literature on etomidate and its related mechanisms of action with discussion of its association with hypokalemia.
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