Geographical variation, demographic and socioeconomic disparities in Active Ageing: The situation in Thailand.

Objectives: Being healthy and active is a goal to achieve a better quality of life as individuals age. This study aimed to explore and validate the Active Ageing (AA) model, and examine geographic variations, and demographic and socioeconomic disparities. Study design: Utilising a cross-sectional secondary data analysis, the analytic unit is older adults aged 60-80 across all provinces in Thailand. Methods: Exploratory Factor Analysis explored the AA structures, and the second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis validated the model fit. Factor scores were used to identify geographic variation and sociodemographic disparities in AA. The association between geographic, and sociodemographic characteristics, and AA was examined through hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The AA model, comprised of 14 indicators representing three latent factors-physical health, participation, and security-exhibited an optimal fit. Geographic inequality in AA emerged across the country, with specific areas linked to lower AA. An inverse relation between participation and security was observed. Rural residence, younger age, male, being married, and adequate income were associated with better AA. The association between AA and geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic emphasised the positive role of marital and economic status. Conclusions: This study contributes to understanding the social determinants of health by constructing a comprehensive AA model. The findings highlight the geographic variations and demographic and socioeconomic disparities in AA across Thailand. While AA generally declines with age, a better economy may help alleviate these disparities. These findings underscore the need for tailored social and public health policies, avoiding a "one-size-fits-all" approach.