Using QUASR-PCR as a field-based genotyping assay for a tick acaricide resistance marker.

A novel, turnkey, field-based workflow was developed and validated using Rhipicephalus microplus DNA as a template to detect the presence of the voltage-gated sodium channel kdr mutation. The field-based compatible workflow comprises manual sample homogenization for DNA extraction, PCR amplification of the targets in a closed tube, and end-point detection of the PCR products. An R. microplus species-specific assay was also included to confirm species identity and ensure the validity of the kdr mutation assay. The assays were sensitive and specific to the targets, and the workflow resulted in a turnaround time of approximately 1 h at a low cost. The novel combination of PCR with closed-tube and end-point fluorescent detection allows for easy conversion of existing conventional lab-based PCR assays into field-based detection assays. The incorporation of custom-designed 3D-printed components in the workflow provides easy adaptability and modification of the components for diverse nucleic acid detection workflows.