Therapy-induced senescence through the redox lens.

Therapy-induced senescent tumor cells have emerged as significant drivers of tumor recurrence and disease relapse. Interestingly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and its associated redox signaling networks are intertwined with initiation and establishment of therapy-induced senescence. Therapy-induced senescent cells influence neighboring cells and the tumor microenvironment via their bioactive secretome known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The intracellular effects of ROS are dose and context-dependent. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS is involved in various signalling pathways and cellular processes important for maintenance of cellular homeostasis, such as redox balance, stress response, inflammatory signalling, cell proliferation and cell death among others. However excess ROS accompanied by a pro-oxidant microenvironment can engender oxidative DNA damage, triggering cellular senescence. In this review, we discuss the role of ROS and the redox state dynamics in fine-tuning homeostatic processes that drive therapy-induced cell fate towards senescence establishment, as well as their influence in stimulating inflammatory signalling and SASP production. We also offer insights into interventional strategies, specifically senotherapeutics, that could potentially leverage on modulation of redox and antioxidant pathways. Lastly, we evaluate possible implications of redox rewiring during escape from therapy-induced senescence, an emerging area of research. We envision that examining therapy-induced senescence through the redox lens, integrated with time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing combined with spatiotemporal multi-omics, could further enhance our understanding of its functional heterogeneity. This could aid identification of targetable signalling nodes to reduce disease relapse, as well as inform strategies for development of broad-spectrum senotherapeutics. Overall, our review aims to delineate redox-driven mechanisms which contribute to the biology of therapy-induced senescence and beyond, while highlighting implications for tumor initiation and recurrence.