ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2024
Sustained IL-6 and sTNF-αR1 levels after hip fracture predict 5-year mortality: A prospective cohort study from the Baltimore Hip Studies.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Anti-inflammatory effect of multi-dose tranexamic acid in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Gender Influences Patient Characteristics, Fracture Pattern, Achievement of Clinical Care Targets and Postoperative Mortality Risk Following a Hip Fracture: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Musculoskeletal care · 2026Article
- Peri-operative nutrition in femoral neck fracture arthroplasty: a pragmatic framework to mitigate dual-hit catabolism and improve outcomes.Orthopedic reviews · 2026Article
- A preoperative inflammation-oxidative stress imbalance strongly predicts post-traumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture fixation.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Fracture-Induced Immunological Cascades Trigger Rapid Systemic Bone Loss via Osteocyte-Regulated Osteoclastogenesis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPersistent inflammation is associated with adverse health outcomes, but its impact on mortality has not been investigated previously among hip fracture patients. This article aims to investigate the influence of changes in levels of cytokines in the 2 months after a hip fracture repair on 5-year mortality.
methodsThis is a prospective cohort study from the Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS) with 191 community-dwelling older men and women (≥65 years) who had recently undergone surgical repair of an acute hip fracture, with recruitment from May 2006 to June 2011. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor1 (sTNFα-R1), and interleukin-1 receptor agonist (IL-1RA) were obtained within 22 days of admission and at 2 months. All-cause mortality over 5 years was determined. Logistic regression analysis tested the associations between the cytokines' trajectories and mortality over 5 years, adjusted for covariates (age, sex, education, body mass index, lower extremity physical activities of daily living, and Charlson comorbidity index).
resultsHigh levels of IL-6 and sTNFα-R1 at baseline with small or no decline at 2 months were associated with higher odds of 5-year mortality compared with those with lower levels at baseline and greater decline at 2 months after adjustment for age, and other potential confounders (OR = 4.71, p = 0.01 for IL-6; OR = 15.03, p = 0.002 for sTNFα-R1). Similar results that failed to reach significance were found for IL-1RA (OR = 2.40, p = 0.18). Those with higher levels of cytokines at baseline with greater decline did not have significantly greater mortality than the reference group, those with lower levels at baseline and greater decline.
conclusionPersistent elevation of plasma IL-6 and sTNFα-R1 levels within the first 2 months after hospital admission in patients with hip fracture is associated with higher 5-year mortality. These patients may benefit from enhanced care and earlier intensive interventions to reduce the risk of death.
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