ArticlePloS one2024
First evaluation and detection of ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative anthelmintic activity of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, and artesunate against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes: in vitro evaluation and exploratory β-tubulin molecular modeling.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Neuronally sensed oxygen drives behavior and development in human-infective, skin-penetrating nematodes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Evolution of Ivermectin Resistance in the Nematode ModelEvolutionary applications · 2026Article
- Variability in the anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle, sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Ivermectin in veterinary medicine: a narrative review of antiparasitic efficacy, resistance evolution, antiviral evidence, and One Health implications.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Therapeutic and Formulation Advances of Ivermectin in Veterinary and Human Medicine.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Investigating the consequences of the mating system for drug resistance evolution inProceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Therapeutic efficacy of common anthelmintics used in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia.Veterinary and animal science · 2025Article
- Anthelmintic resistance against benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones in strongyle populations on cattle farms in northern Germany.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Efficacy of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats in Maputo Province, Mozambique using in vivo, in vitro and molecular assessment.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
In Sudan, resistance to benzimidazoles has been reported recently in cattle and goats from South Darfur. Herein, ivermectin efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) was evaluated in sheep and goats in three study areas in South Darfur. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in sheep and goats naturally infected with GINs in the region of Bulbul (goats: n = 106), Kass (goats: n = 40) and Nyala (Domaia (sheep: n = 47, goats: n = 77) and the University farm (goats: n = 52)), using different treatment plans, and the efficacy was evaluated 12 days after treatment. Ivermectin efficacy was also evaluated in goats experimentally infected using local Haemonchus contortus isolates from Kass and Nyala. Nematodes surviving ivermectin treatment in goats in Bulbul and Nyala were harvested and larvae used to infect worm-free male sheep (n = 6, ≤6 months old). Infected sheep were dosed subcutaneously with ivermectin every eight days with increasing doses from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Reduced ivermectin efficacy was identified in sheep and goats in the four study locations. Using a paired statistic, the efficacy of a therapeutic dose in sheep was 75.6% (90% upper credible limit (UCrL): 77.5%), while twice the recommended dose led to a reduction of 92.6% (90% UCrL: 93.3%). In goats, the FECRs of a therapeutic dose were 72.9-95.3% (90% UCrL range: 73.6-95.7%) in Bulbul, Nyala Domaia, Nyala University farm and Kass. Twice the dose recommended for goats in Bulbul revealed a 90% UCrL of 87.6%. All post-treatment faecal cultures contained only Haemonchus spp. larvae. The experimental infection trials in sheep and goats supported our findings from field trials and calculated upper 90% CrL of below 98.9%. For the first time highly ivermectin resistant H. contortus populations have been identified in sheep and goats in Sudan, and resistance was experimentally confirmed.
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