ReviewImmunity, inflammation and disease2024
Unraveling the enigma: The emerging significance of pulmonary surfactant proteins in predicting, diagnosing, and managing COVID-19.
Review in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Update prognostic potency of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in the COVID-19 landscape: an In-depth meta-analytical exploration.Biomarkers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Perioperative Hyperoxia and Early Pulmonary Epithelial and Glycocalyx-Related Biomarker Trajectories in Laparoscopic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Machine learning, whole genome sequencing, and Mendelian randomization support a role of CRP on COVID-19 severity.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Successful Management of Severe COVID-19 in a Kidney Transplant Recipient Safe Co-Administered Tacrolimus and Ensitrelvir: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Surfactant Protein-D Gene Polymorphism on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Unraveling the synergy of inflammation and apoptosis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury: Insights and therapeutic perspectives (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Surfactant therapy for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome: time to revisit?Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Review
- Insight to Neglected Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review".Biomarker insights · 2026Review
- Is Altered Surfactant Protein Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Associated with COVID-19 Disease Severity?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unraveling the enigma: The emerging significance of pulmonary surfactant proteins in predicting, diagnosing, and managing COVID-19.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSevere cases of COVID-19 often lead to the development of acute respiratory syndrome, a critical condition believed to be caused by the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 on type II alveolar cells. These cells play a crucial role in producing pulmonary surfactants, which are essential for proper lung function. Specifically focusing on surfactant proteins, including Surfactant protein A (SP-A), Surfactant protein B, Surfactant protein C, and Surfactant protein D (SP-D), changes in the levels of pulmonary surfactants may be a significant factor in the pathological changes seen in COVID-19 infection.
objectiveThis study aims to gain insights into surfactants, particularly their impacts and changes during COVID-19 infection, through a comprehensive review of current literature. The study focuses on the function of surfactants as prognostic markers, diagnostic factors, and essential components in the management and treatment of COVID-19. FINDING: In general, pulmonary surfactants serve to reduce the surface tension at the gas-liquid interface, thereby significantly contributing to the regulation of respiratory mechanics. Additionally, these surfactants play a crucial role in the innate immune system within the pulmonary microenvironment. Within the spectrum of COVID-19 infections, a compelling association is observed, characterized by elevated levels of SP-D and SP-A across a range of manifestations from mild to severe pneumonia. The sudden decline in respiratory function observed in COVID-19 patients may be attributed to the decreased synthesis of surfactants by type II alveolar cells.
conclusionCollectin proteins such as SP-A and SP-D show promise as biomarkers, offering potential avenues for predicting and monitoring pulmonary alveolar injury in the context of COVID-19. This clarification enhances our understanding of the molecular complexities contributing to respiratory complications in severe COVID-19 cases, providing a foundation for targeted therapeutic approaches using surfactants and refined clinical management strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.