Role of High Flow Nasal Cannula as a Novel Therapy for Treatment of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Child With Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia of Infancy: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy is a rare form of pediatric interstitial lung disease presenting with hypoxemia, tachypnea, retractions, and persistent pulmonary crackles in the first year of life. As these children frequently require supplemental oxygen therapy and demonstrate nighttime hypoxemia, there is a concern for an increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in this population, including obstructive sleep apnea. As untreated sleep-disordered breathing is associated with adverse developmental outcomes for children, it is essential to promptly diagnose and treat. However, treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is often challenging in children. In this report, we describe a case of a child diagnosed with neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy at 12 months of age who was subsequently found to have severe obstructive sleep apnea that persisted despite adenotonsillectomy. As continuous positive airway pressure was not well tolerated, the patient was initiated on a high-flow nasal cannula at nighttime, which resulted in improvement of his sleep apnea and daytime functioning with better adherence to treatment. Our case illustrates the importance of screening for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy, as well as the utility of a high-flow nasal cannula as a novel, effective treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.