SynthesisJournal of Korean medical science2024
The Combined Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on Cancer Risk by Exposure Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of Korean medical science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk of cancer in periodontal disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Article
- Accelerated Biological Aging Increases the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Insights From Genetic Instruments of Epigenetic Clocks.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2026Article
- Prevalence and correlates of co-use of alcohol and cigarettes among Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional national survey in 2021.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Pharyngeal endoscopic submucosal dissection: detection, technique, and considerations for Western adoption.iGIE : innovation, investigation and insights · 2026Review
- Epidemiological Profile and Survival Outcomes of Laryngeal Cancer in Western Greece: A 21-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Overall survival of oral cancer from the population-based cancer registries of the Konkan area, Maharashtra, India.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- The disease burden of cancer attributable to smoking worldwide from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking, 1990-2021: A secondary dataset analysis of GBD 2021.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Smoking-attributable gastrointestinal cancer burden in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) and Associated Economies: A Global Burden of Disease study analysis 1990Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Work Hard… Drink Hard? Occupational, Sociodemographic and Health Determinants of High-Risk Alcohol Consumption Among Australian Workers.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Nicotine pouches, oral cancer and tobacco harm reduction: current evidence and research priorities.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Article
- Trends in ischemic heart disease mortality among older adults with co-existing colorectal cancer in the US (1999-2023): a 25-Year retrospective study.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2025Article
- Disease Burden of Gastrointestinal Tumors in China From 1990 to 2021, an Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of evidence-based medicine · 2025Article
- Associations of body mass index and waist circumference with incidence of overall and of 27 site-specific cancers: a population-based retrospective cohort study.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Article
- Article
- Alcohol consumption and cancer risk in South Korea and the UK: prospective cohort studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlcohol consumption is a major risk factor for cancer, and when combined with smoking, the risk increases. Nevertheless, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the risk of various cancer types. Therefore, to assess these effects, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsWe performed a systematic search of five literature databases, focusing on cohort and case-control studies. Considering exposure levels, we quantified the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on cancer risk and assessed multiplicative interaction effects.
resultsOf 4,452 studies identified, 24 (4 cohort studies and 20 case-control studies) were included in the meta-analysis. We detected interaction effect of light alcohol and moderate smoking on head and neck cancer risk (relative risk [RR], 4.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50-7.26;
conclusionOur study provided a comprehensive summary of the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on cancers. As their consumption increased, the synergy effect became more pronounced, and the synergy effect was evident especially for head and neck cancer. These findings provide additional evidence for the combined effect of alcohol and smoking in alcohol guidelines for cancer prevention.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.