Applying a deep learning pipeline to classify land cover from low-quality historical RGB imagery.

Land use and land cover (LULC) classification is becoming faster and more accurate thanks to new deep learning algorithms. Moreover, new high spectral- and spatial-resolution datasets offer opportunities to classify land cover with greater accuracy and class specificity. However, deploying deep learning algorithms to characterize present-day, modern land cover based on state-of-the-art data is insufficient for understanding trends in land cover change and identifying changes in and drivers of ecological and social variables of interest. These identifications require characterizing past land cover, for which imagery is often lower-quality. We applied a deep learning pipeline to classify land cover from historical, low-quality RGB aerial imagery, using a case study of Vancouver, Canada. We deployed an atrous convolutional neural network from DeepLabv3+ (which has previously shown to outperform other networks) and trained it on modern Maxar satellite imagery using a modern land cover classification. We fine-tuned the resultant model using a small dataset of manually annotated and augmented historical imagery. This final model accurately predicted historical land cover classification at rates similar to other studies that used high-quality imagery. These predictions indicate that Vancouver has lost vegetative cover from 1995-2021, including a decrease in conifer cover, an increase in pavement cover, and an overall decrease in tree and grass cover. Our workflow may be harnessed to understand historical land cover and identify land cover change in other regions and at other times.