ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Interleukin-1 regulates follicular T cells during the germinal center reaction.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Case for Anti-IgE Vaccination.Allergy · 2026Review
- An "old" cytokine's new trick: IL-1β in B cells and the germinal center.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- IL-1β and IL-6 synergistically drive murine TFH cell differentiation and maintenance in vitro.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- IL-1 delineates squalene-based adjuvant efficacy and reactogenicity in a cell-type-specific manner.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- IL-36 mediates immune activation in Sjögren's disease and may represent a novel biomarker of disease.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- The type 1 and type 3 immune responses underlying the tissue inflammation associated with NOX2 deficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- IL-1R2 Expression in Tfr Cells Controls Allergic Anaphylaxis by Regulating IgG Versus IgE Responses.Allergy · 2025Article
- Beyond Negative Regulation: IL-1R8 and IL-1R2 as Novel Immune Checkpoints.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Germinal Center B cells provide essential IL-1β signals to TFH cells via canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activity post influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- IL-1β signaling modulates T follicular helper and regulatory cells in human lymphoid tissues.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune remodeling of the murine lung microenvironment following chronic house dust mite exposure.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Antibody production and the generation of memory B cells are regulated by T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells in germinal centers. However, the precise role of Tfr cells in controlling antibody production is still unclear. We have previously shown that both Tfh and Tfr cells express the IL-1R1 agonist receptor, whereas only Tfr cells express the IL-1R2 decoy and IL-1Ra antagonist receptors. We aimed to investigate the role of IL-1 receptors in the regulation of B cell responses by Tfh and Tfr. Methods: We generated mice with IL-1 receptors inactivated in Tfh or Tfr and measured antibody production and cell activation after immunisation. Results: While IL-1β levels are increased in the draining lymph node after immunisation, antigen-specific antibody levels and cell phenotypes indicated that IL-1β can activate both Tfh and Tfr cells through IL-1R1 stimulation. Surprisingly, expression of IL-1R2 and IL-1Ra on Tfr cells does not block IL-1 activation of Tfh cells, but rather prevents IL-1/IL-1R1-mediated early activation of Tfr cells. IL-1Rs also regulate the antibody response to autoantigens and its associated pathophysiology in an experimental lupus model. Discussion: Collectively, our results show that IL-1 inhibitory receptors expressed by Tfr cells prevent their own activation and suppressive function, thus licensing IL-1-mediated activation of Tfh cells after immunisation. Further mechanistic studies should unravel these complex interactions between IL-1β and follicular helper and regulatory T cells and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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