ArticleBMC public health2024
Associations between smoking, sex steroid hormones, trouble sleeping, and depression among U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES (2013-2016).
Article in BMC public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Combustible Cigarette Smokers, Heated Tobacco Users, and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lithuania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Unraveling links between lifestyle behaviors and depressive symptoms: a network analysis using NHANES 2007-2018 data.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Joint effects of sleep duration and sleep difficulty on suicidal ideation: evidence from NHANES 2005-2018.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of insomnia among adults in Anhui Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Musculoskeletal Pain, Insomnia and Health-Related Quality of Life: Associations in the Middle-Aged General Population.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Predicting depression risk with machine learning models: identifying familial, personal, and dietary determinants.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting depression risk in patients with chronic kidney disease based on NHANES 2005-2018.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between social determinants of health and periodontitis: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Sex-specific associations of serum cotinine levels with depressive symptoms and sleep disorders in American adults: NHANES 2007-2014.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Magnesium depletion score and depression: a positive correlation among US adults.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The relationship between remnant cholesterol and the risk of testosterone deficiency in US adults: a cross-sectional study based on the NHANES database.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDose-response and nonlinear relationships of cigarette exposure with sleep disturbances and depression are warranted, and the potential mechanism of sex hormones in such associations remains unclear.
methodsCigarette exposure, trouble sleeping, and depression were assessed by standard questionnaires, and the levels of cotinine and sex steroid hormones were determined among 9900 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and mediation models were conducted to evaluate the associations between smoking, sex steroid hormones, trouble sleeping, and depression.
resultsWith never smokers as a reference, current smokers had a higher prevalence of trouble sleeping (OR = 1.931, 95% CI: 1.680, 2.219) and depression (OR = 2.525, 95% CI: 1.936, 3.293) as well as testosterone level (β = 0.083, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.140). Pack-years of smoking and cigarettes per day were positively associated with the prevalence of trouble sleeping and depression as well as testosterone level (P
conclusionSmoking may induce sex hormone disturbance and increase the risk of sleep problems and depression symptoms, and ceasing smoking may reduce the risk of such complications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.