ArticleAWWA water science2021
Lead service line identification: A review of strategies and approaches.
Article in AWWA water science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Door Hangers and Incentives Induced Little Participation in Lead Water Pipe Inspections.AWWA water science · 2025Article
- Review of historical plumbing codes for lead service line inventories in the United States.Water practice & technology · 2024Article
- Graphene-Based Chemiresistor Sensors for Drinking Water Quality Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Development and optimization of a systematic approach to identifying lead service lines: One community's success.Water research · 2023Article
- Rapid and simple lead service line detection screening protocol using water sampling.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Geospatial model of composition of water service lines in Flint, Michigan: Validation using excavation data and a new compositional geostatistical approach.AWWA water scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lead service lines (LSLs) represent the greatest source of lead in drinking water. Identifying the locations of LSLs can be challenging, and recent service line (SL) material surveys in Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana found that on average the materials making up 16% of SLs in these states are unknown and may be lead. Given the large number of possible LSLs in the United States, new and pending regulatory requirements, LSL replacement costs, associated lead exposure risks, and the public's desire to reduce lead exposure, there is a need to rapidly and cost-effectively identify where LSLs are located, on public and private property. This review summarizes current industry LSL identification methods, including records screening, basic visual examination of indoor plumbing, water sampling, excavation, and predictive data analyses. A qualitative comparison of method cost, accuracy, disturbance, and other impacts is provided as a starting point for utilities that are developing a feasible approach for their specific needs/constraints. Lastly, an example stepwise approach to identify unknown SL materials is proposed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.