Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38836626›Full record

SynthesisJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2024

Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bin Chen, Li Ding, Qiyang Qin, Tze-Huan Lei, Olivier Girard, Yinhang Cao

Registry-linked trialAbstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07090421 (Varying Doses of Evening Caffeine Ingestion Have Different Effects on Rowing Ergometer Performance, Sleep Quality and Wakefulness Scores), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 13 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07090421 nacompletednot on this map

Varying Doses of Evening Caffeine Ingestion Have Different Effects on Rowing Ergometer Performance, Sleep Quality and Wakefulness Scores

TypeinterventionalSponsorUlaç Can YILDIRIMRan2022 to 2022Enrolled13ConditionsHealthy Volunteers, Caffeine, Sleep QualityArmsCellulose Powder, Caffeine 3 mg/kg Oral Powder, Caffeine 6 mg/kg Oral Powder, Caffeine 9 mg/kg Oral Powder
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. An extract from wholeJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Bin ChenFujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Department of Public Physical Education, Fuzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0005-0766-0399
Li DingShanghai University of Sport, School of Physical Education, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0009-0009-4526-4951
Qiyang QinShanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8890-7261
Tze-Huan LeiHubei Normal University, College of Physical Education, Huangshi, China.ORCID 0000-0003-3157-099X
Olivier GirardThe University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Perth, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4797-182X
Yinhang CaoShanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2323-3707

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCaffeine, widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, has undergone extensive research, demonstrating its effectiveness to enhance endurance performance. However, there remains a significant gap in systematically evaluating its effects on time trial (TT) performance in cyclists. PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of caffeine ingestion to increase cycling TT performance in cyclists and to evaluate the optimal dosage range for maximum effect.

methodsA search of four databases was completed on 1 December 2023. The selected studies comprised crossover, placebo-controlled investigations into the effects of caffeine ingestion on cycling TT performance. Completion time (Time) and mean power output (MPO) were used as performance measures for TT. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to assess the standardized mean differences (SMD) in individual studies.

resultsFifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analyses. Subgroup analysis showed that moderate doses of caffeine intake (4-6 mg/kg) significantly improved cycling performance (SMD

conclusionA moderate dosage (4-6 mg/kg) of caffeine, identified as the optimal dose range, can significantly improve the time trial performance of cyclists, while a low dose (1-3 mg/kg) does not yield improvement. In addition, the improvements in completion time and mean power output resulting from a moderate dose of caffeine are essentially the same in cycling time trails.

Indexed as

Athletic PerformanceBicyclingCaffeinePerformance-Enhancing SubstancesDose-Response Relationship, DrugHumansPhysical EnduranceCaffeinePerformance-Enhancing SubstancescyclingErgogenic aidpower outputself-paced exercisesupplementstime trial

Identifiers

PMID38836626
PMCPMC11155427

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.