ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Sex-related immunity: could Toll-like receptors be the answer in acute inflammatory response?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictive Value of PreoperativeInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Is Oestradiol a Key Player in the Sex Differences in Innate Immunity Through Toll-like Receptor Activation?Cells · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Mind the "CRP gender gap"! sex differences in CRP evolution over time in neonatal sepsis: a monocentric retrospective cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Impact of testosterone-based gender-affirming hormone therapy on toll-like receptor transcript levels and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in transmasculine individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- [Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 2014-2024].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Observational
- Sex differences in the association between red cell distribution width and 30-day mortality in critically ill patients with acute cholangitis: a retrospective cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Gender and sex interactions are intrinsic components of cancer phenotypes.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy Platform That Conjugates Antigen to Complement C3-Targeted Liposomes Induces a Robust Adaptive Immune Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring How Adipose Tissue, Obesity, and Gender Influence the Immune Response to Vaccines: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Sex Disparities in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Mortality.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Identification biomarkers in disease progression of obstructive sleep apnea from children serum based on WGCNA and Mfuzz.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Serum from patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation induces permeability in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cellsFrontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have highlighted the existence of a sex-specific immune response, wherein men experience a worse prognosis in cases of acute inflammatory diseases. Initially, this sex-dependent inflammatory response was attributed to the influence of sex hormones. However, a growing body of evidence has shifted the focus toward the influence of chromosomes rather than sex hormones in shaping these inflammatory sex disparities. Notably, certain pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their associated immune pathways have been implicated in driving the sex-specific immune response. These receptors are encoded by genes located on the X chromosome. TLRs are pivotal components of the innate immune system, playing crucial roles in responding to infectious diseases, including bacterial and viral pathogens, as well as trauma-related conditions. Importantly, the TLR-mediated inflammatory responses, as indicated by the production of specific proteins and cytokines, exhibit discernible sex-dependent patterns. In this review, we delve into the subject of sex bias in TLR activation and explore its clinical implications relatively to both the X chromosome and the hormonal environment. The overarching objective is to enhance our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying these sex differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.