ArticleBMJ open2024
Exploring discrimination and racism in healthcare: a qualitative phenomenology study of Dutch persons with migration backgrounds.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Context-Dependent Challenges in Nurse Migration: A Qualitative Study of Malaysian Nurses in Singapore, Saudi Arabia and Brunei.International nursing review · 2026Article
- Comparing TCIM use and patient satisfaction in germany: impact of health self-management across migration backgrounds.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- The PATHS survey: a participatory-informed, multilingual instrument for assessing tobacco and nicotine-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among people with a migration background in Switzerland.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- "You think, like, you're neutral but you're not": a mixed- methods study of racial/ethnic bias in pain assessment, management and treatment in maternal and newborn care in the Netherlands.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Risk of Somatic Diagnoses in Specialist Health Care Among Norwegian-Born Youth and Young Adults with Immigrant Parents.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2025Article
- Article
- Intention to Use Primary Healthcare Services among South-South Migrants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectiveTo explore and characterise the discrimination and racism experienced in healthcare from the perspective of Dutch patients with a migration background.
designThis was a qualitative phenomenological study incorporating an inductive thematic analysis of the answers provided to a free form online survey. Descriptive and differential analyses were conducted for the closed-ended questions.
settingThis study used an online survey distributed in Dutch about experiences of discrimination and racism in healthcare to the general population in the Netherlands.
participantsThe survey was completed by 188 participants (M
resultsFrom the total sample, women, relative to men, were 2.31 times more likely to report experiencing healthcare discrimination (OR=2.31; 95% CI 1.23 to 4.37). The majority of the participants (60.1%) had a Moroccan or Turkish background. Six themes were identified relating to experienced discrimination in healthcare based on one's migration background: (1) explicit discrimination, (2) prejudice, (3) not being taken seriously, (4) discriminatory behaviour, (5) language barriers and (6) pain attribution to cultural background. Some participants reported that their attire or religion was linked to their migration background, thus contributing to their experiences of discrimination.
conclusionDutch patients with a migration background may experience discrimination based on their ethnic identity or other factors related to their backgrounds, such as their faith, culture and skin colour. Discrimination manifests as intersectional and may take different forms (eg, discrimination based on the intersection between race and gender). Therefore, healthcare discrimination may increase health inequities and lead to unequal access to healthcare services. Implicitly or explicitly discriminating against patients is immoral, unethical, illegal and hazardous for individual and public health. Further research on the magnitude of discrimination in healthcare and its relation to health is needed.
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