ReviewBrain : a journal of neurology2024
The immune system in Parkinson's disease: what we know so far.
Review in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and biomarker evidence.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- From neuroinflammation to immune reprogramming: Nanozyme-Integrated nanoplatforms for neuroimmune modulation in Parkinson's disease.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Stress and Parkinson's disease: from dysfunctional detection to impaired handling: a narrative review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Mendelian randomization analysis reveals causal links between specific immune cell phenotypes and Parkinson's disease.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of nitrated α-synuclein-specific CAR-Treg therapy in Parkinson's disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The gut neuroepithelial unit as a neurodegeneration-relevant interface in the gut-brain axis.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Brain-first and body-first subtypes of Lewy body disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Zinc homeostasis imbalance: Potential therapeutic value in neurodegenerative diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammatory and Motor Alterations in LRRK2*G2019S Transgenic Mice Without Enhanced Vulnerability to Aging or Chronic MPTP-Induced Nigrostriatal Neurodegeneration.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Immune-mediated excitotoxicity in brain disorders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-aware causal inference assessment of the immune system in complex neurodegenerative diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Targeting IL-33 in Precision Neuroimmunology: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for CNS Disorders.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Reduced serum interleukin-2 associates with higher motor severity and along with CD4 T cell alterations may be an early event in isolated REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Microglia-Specific Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe Enables Noninvasive Separation of Parkinsonian Mice from Controls.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Identification of TBXAS1 as a candidate biomarker and potential microglia-associated inflammatory regulator in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- PINK1 loss in astrocytes triggers inflammatory dysfunction and neuronal death.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Regulator of G protein signaling 10: a critical regulator of chronic systemic inflammation in parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Loss-of-Function (G603R) Lrp10 Fails to Downregulate mRNA of Pathologic α-Synuclein and Causes Neurodegeneration of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Cells in Parkinson's Disease Knockin Mice.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized neuropathologically by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and chronic neuroinflammation. In the past two decades, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies have consistently shown the involvement of inflammatory responses mediated by microglia and astrocytes, which may be elicited by pathological α-syn or signals from affected neurons and other cell types, and are directly linked to neurodegeneration and disease development. Apart from the prominent immune alterations seen in the CNS, including the infiltration of T cells into the brain, more recent studies have demonstrated important changes in the peripheral immune profile within both the innate and adaptive compartments, particularly involving monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This review aims to integrate the consolidated understanding of immune-related processes underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, focusing on both central and peripheral immune cells, neuron-glia crosstalk as well as the central-peripheral immune interaction during the development of Parkinson's disease. Our analysis seeks to provide a comprehensive view of the emerging knowledge of the mechanisms of immunity in Parkinson's disease and the implications of this for better understanding the overall pathogenesis of this disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.