Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38833030›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

Autism Symptom Presentation and Hierarchical Models of Intelligence.

Michael A Levine, Huan Chen, Ericka L Wodka, Brian S Caffo, Joshua B Ewen

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Cognitive Profile of Autism and Intellectual Disorder in Wechsler's Scales: Meta-Analysis.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Michael A LevineNeurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Huan ChenDepartment of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Ericka L WodkaCenter for Autism Service, Science and Innovation, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Brian S CaffoDepartment of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Joshua B EwenNeurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. jewen@luriechildrens.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-9564

Funding

Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction, Brain and Neurobehavioral Development in AutismP50HD103538 · NICHD · HUGO W. MOSER RES INST KENNEDY KRIEGER · PI Stewart H Mostofsky · 2020 to 2026
$9.9M
A Novel Framework for Impaired Imitation in ASDR01MH113652 · NIMH · HUGO W. MOSER RES INST KENNEDY KRIEGER · PI EWEN, JOSHUA B · 2017 to 2021
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103538NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH113652NIMH NIH HHS R01MH113652
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere is a substantial history studying the relationship between general intelligence and the core symptoms of autism. However, a gap in knowledge is how dimensional autism symptomatology associates with different components of clinically-relevant hierarchical models of intelligence.

methodWe examined correlations between autism diagnostic symptom magnitude (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule; ADOS) and a hierarchical statistical model of intelligence. One autistic cohort was tested on the fourth edition of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV; N = 131), and another on the fifth edition (WISC-V; N = 83). We anticipated a convergent pattern of results between cohorts.

resultsOn WISC-IV, ADOS scores were correlated significantly with g and three out of four intermediate factor scores, which was a broader pattern of correlations than anticipated from the literature. In the WISC-V cohort, only one intermediate factor correlated significantly with the ADOS; correlations with g and the other intermediate factors were less statistically certain. ADOS-factor correlations were larger in the WISC-IV than WISC-V cohort; this difference was significant at the 90% level.

conclusionsWISC-IV shows dimensional relationships with ADOS at multiple points in the hierarchical model of intelligence. Moreover, the current results provide evidence that relationship between core autism symptomatology and the construct of general intelligence may depend on how intelligence is measured. Known cohort effects in the relationship between categorical autism diagnosis and general intelligence have previously been attributed to changes in autism diagnostic practices. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that differing versions of IQ tests may be implicated.

Indexed as

Autistic DisorderIntelligenceAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansIntelligence TestsMaleWechsler ScalesADOSAutismDiagnostic symptomsGeneral intelligenceIQ

Identifiers

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.