ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2024
Does pasteurization inactivate bird flu virus in milk?
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemiological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Reassorted H10Nx Avian Influenza Viruses in Guangdong Province, China.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Stability of influenza viruses in the milk of cows and sheep.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus in Raw Milk Kefir.Food and environmental virology · 2026Article
- Can the Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano production process guarantee a reduction in pathogenic microorganisms equivalent to the pasteurization process?Italian journal of food safety · 2026Article
- Protective Efficacy of a Hemagglutinin-Based mRNA Vaccine Against H5N1 Influenza Virus Challenge in Lactating Dairy Cows.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle.Viruses · 2025Article
- Repeated oral exposure to H5N1 influenza virus in pasteurized milk does not cause adverse responses to subsequent influenza infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Detection of Hemagglutinin H5 Influenza A Virus RNA and Model of Potential Inputs in an Urban California Sewershed.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses: knowns, unknowns, and challenges.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Rapid risk assessment to address emerging concerns of HPAI in raw and pasteurized milk.PloS one · 2025Article
- Survivability of H5N1 avian influenza virus in homemade yogurt, cheese and whey.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- The Thermal Stability of Influenza Viruses in Milk.Viruses · 2024Article
- Avian influenza overview June-September 2024.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Article
- Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose.Viruses · 2024Article
- Strain-dependent variations in replication of European clade 2.3.4.4b influenza A(H5N1) viruses in bovine cells and thermal inactivation in semi-skimmed or whole milk.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recently, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), which carries the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin (HA) gene and has been prevalent among North American bird populations since the winter of 2021, was reported in dairy cows in the United States. As of 24 May 2024, the virus has affected 63 dairy herds across nine states and has resulted in two human infections. The virus causes unusual symptoms in dairy cows, including an unexpected drop in milk production, and thick colostrum-like milk. Notably, The US Food and Drug Administration reported that around 20% of tested retail milk samples contained H5N1 viruses, with a higher percentage of positive results from regions with infected cattle herds. Data are scant regarding how effectively pasteurization inactivates the H5N1 virus in milk. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the thermal stability of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, along with one human H3N2 virus and other influenza subtype viruses, including H1, H3, H7, H9, and H10 subtype viruses. We also assessed the effectiveness of pasteurization in inactivating these viruses. We found that the avian H3 virus exhibits the highest thermal stability, whereas the H5N1 viruses that belong to clade 2.3.4.4b display moderate thermal stability. Importantly, our data provide direct evidence that the standard pasteurization methods used by dairy companies are effective in inactivating all tested subtypes of influenza viruses in raw milk. Our findings indicate that thermally pasteurized milk products do not pose a safety risk to consumers.
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