ArticleEClinicalMedicine2024
Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review on Molecular Toxicology and Omics-Based Risk Assessment of Pigments Used in Dermal Implantation Procedures: Implications for Somatology and Somatic Therapy Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Quantifying Ultra-Low Pigment Solubilities by UV-Vis Spectroscopy: Implications for Toxicological Assessment.ACS measurement science au · 2026Article
- Clinical evaluation of photochromic nanoparticle tattoo ink: safety, tolerability, and performance of rewritable intradermal implants.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Is tattooing associated with an increased risk of cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Simultaneous Determination of Aromatic Amines in Tattoo Ink by Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization (GC-EI)-Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Tandem MS (MS/MS).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tattoo-Induced Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2026Article
- Tattoo-Associated Sarcoid-like Uveitis: A Multicenter Registry Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell Lymphoma with Secondary Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Arising at Widespread Tattoo Sites: A Case Report.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2026Article
- Tattoo Ink Exposure and Its Potential Link with Lymphoma and Skin Cancer: A Narrative Review of New Evidence.Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Incidence of Tattoo-Associated Melanoma in the Netherlands (1991-2023): A Nationwide Registry Study.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Self-reported side effects of tattooing: a cross-sectional study in the Swedish TABOO cohort.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Critical Appraisal of Causality Observational Studies: A Case-Study of the Effect of Tattoo on Malignant Lymphoma.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Tattoo ink induces inflammation in the draining lymph node and alters the immune response to vaccination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Does tattoo exposure increase the risk of cutaneous melanoma? A population-based case-control study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Devil Lies in the Details: Small Structural and Chemical Changes in Iron Oxide Pigments Largely Alter the Biological Outcomes in Macrophages.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Investigating the potential association between tattoos and lymphoma: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Heavy Metal Content in Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Inks and European Standards-Is There Still a Health Risk?Toxics · 2025Article
- Cohort Profile: The Cancer Risk Attributable to the Body Art of Tattooing (CRABAT) study.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Tattoos and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Tattooing is Mainly Cultural: A Representative Twin Study of Tattooing Determinants.Behavior genetics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The popularity of tattoos has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Tattoo ink often contains carcinogenic chemicals, e.g., primary aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. The tattooing process invokes an immunologic response that causes translocation of tattoo ink from the injection site. Deposition of tattoo pigment in lymph nodes has been confirmed but the long-term health effects remain unexplored. We used Swedish National Authority Registers with full population coverage to investigate the association between tattoo exposure and overall malignant lymphoma as well as lymphoma subtypes. Methods: We performed a case-control study where we identified all incident cases of malignant lymphoma diagnosed between 2007 and 2017 in individuals aged 20-60 years in the Swedish National Cancer Register. Three random age- and sex-matched controls per case were sampled from the Total Population Register using incidence density sampling. We assessed exposure through a questionnaire in 2021, and data on potential confounders were retrieved from registers. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of malignant lymphoma in tattooed individuals. Findings: The study population consisted of 11,905 individuals, and the response rate was 54% among cases ( Interpretation: Our findings suggested that tattoo exposure was associated with an increased risk of malignant lymphoma. More epidemiologic research is urgently needed to establish causality. Funding: The Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare.
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