ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2024
Soluble immune checkpoints: implications for cancer prognosis and response to immune checkpoint therapy and conventional therapies.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- The interplay of the lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 and the soluble immune checkpoint proteins sPD-1/sPD-L1 in breast cancer: tumor-immune cross-talk.Bioscience reports · 2026Article
- Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: translational mechanisms, dynamic biomarkers, clinically actionable combination strategies, and comparative checkpoint biology.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Soluble Immune Checkpoints as Prognostic Biomarkers in Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy and Anti-PD-L1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A systemic immune signature stratifies early-stage breast cancer patients and reveals soluble IL-2RA and PD-1 as potential independent prognostic biomarkers.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Immunological Insights into Peritoneal Carcinomatosis for Gastrointestinal Malignancies: The Role of Soluble Factors in Malignant Ascites.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Walking the tightrope: Balancing immune checkpoints and their inhibitors in host defence against bacterial infections.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2026Review
- Do Metastatic Cells Arise from PD-L1International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: molecular mechanisms, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and therapeutic implications.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Article
- Soluble CTLA-4 as a context-dependent immune checkpoint: biology, biomarker potential, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A dual compartment peripheral blood signature of soluble and membrane-bound immune checkpoints predicts outcome in lymphoma patients.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- The construction of a prognostic nomogram model for colorectal cancer and the prediction of immune characteristics and immune treatment responses based on the bioinformatics analysis of soluble mediator-related genes.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Age-stratified circulating immune signatures reveal non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer detection.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Chemoresistant tumor cell secretome potentiates immune suppression in triple negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Serum analytes as predictors of disease recurrence and the duration of invasive disease-free survival in patients with triple negative breast cancer enrolled in the OXEL trial treated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoimmunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- A blood-based liquid biopsy analyzing soluble immune checkpoints and cytokines identifies distinct neuroendocrine tumors.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- A novel HVEM-Fc recombinant protein for lung cancer immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Developing a risk score using liquid biopsy biomarkers for selecting Immunotherapy responders and stratifying disease progression risk in metastatic melanoma patients.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Fibroblast-like synoviocytes mediate the generation of soluble PD-1 in an MMP-9-dependent manner: a novel target therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Longitudinal sampling of tumor tissue from patients with solid cancers, aside from melanoma and a few other cases, is often unfeasible, and thus may not capture the plasticity of interactions between the tumor and immune system under selective pressure of a given therapy. Peripheral blood analyses provide salient information about the human peripheral immunome while offering technical and practical advantages over traditional tumor biopsies, and should be utilized where possible alongside interrogation of the tumor. Some common blood-based biomarkers used to study the immune response include immune cell subsets, circulating tumor DNA, and protein analytes such as cytokines. With the recent explosion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as a modality of treatment in multiple cancer types, soluble immune checkpoints have become a relevant area of investigation for peripheral immune-based biomarkers. However, the exact functions of soluble immune checkpoints and their roles in cancer for the most part remain unclear. This review discusses current literature on the production, function, and expression of nine soluble immune checkpoints - sPD-L1, sPD-1, sCTLA4, sCD80, sTIM3, sLAG3, sB7-H3, sBTLA, and sHVEM - in patients with solid tumors, and explores their role as biomarkers of response to ICI as well as to conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery) in cancer patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.