ArticleScientific reports2024
Bio-synthesis, purification and structural analysis of Cyclosporine-A produced by Tolypocladium inflatum with valorization of agro-industrial wastes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Plant Endophytes and their Secondary Metabolites: A Source of Bioactive Compounds.Current drug research reviews · 2026Review
- Advances in natural product-based nanoparticles for the treatment of acute lung injury.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Article
- Regulation and induction of fungal secondary metabolites: a comprehensive review.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Application of fatty acid-based eutectic mixture as a phase change material in microencapsulation of drugs: preparation, characterization and release behavior.BMC chemistry · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Diversity of Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Their Emerging Applications in Healthcare and Environment.Mycobiology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CyA) holds significant importance as a strategic immunosuppressive drug for organ transplant patients. In this study, we aimed to produce pure and cost-effective Cyclosporine A (CyA) by fermenting a culture medium containing dairy sludge, using Tolypocladium inflatum PTCC 5253. Following the fermentation stage, ethyl acetate extraction and fast protein liquid chromatography were employed for sample purification. The initial evaluation of the effectiveness of CyA obtained from these processes was performed through bioassay, wherein the antimicrobial clear zone diameter was found to be larger compared to the sample obtained from the fermentation culture. The concentration of CyA was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, yielding values of 334 mg/L, 456 mg/L, and 578 mg/L for the fermented, extracted, and purified samples, respectively. Further analysis utilizing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) confirmed a purity of 91.9% and proper agreement with the standard sample based on the ion intensity of Z/m 1205. To validate the structure of CyA, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy were employed. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses demonstrated that the purified CyA exhibited a crystal structure similar to the standard sample, characterized by two broad peaks at 2θ = 9° and 20°, and comparable glass transition temperatures (57-68 °C for the purified sample; 53-64 °C for the standard sample). Dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed a uniform particle size distribution in both the purified and standard samples. The zeta potentials of the purified and standard samples were determined to be - 25.8 ± 0.16 and - 23.63 ± 0.12 mV, respectively. Our results demonstrate that dairy sludge can serve as a suitable culture medium for the production of (CyA).
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