Observational studyEBioMedicine2024
Daily variation in blood glucose levels during continuous enteral nutrition in patients on the intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study.
Observational study in EBioMedicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Challenges and Recommendations for Integrating Circadian Medicine in Critical Care: A Roadmap.Chest · 2026Guideline
- Enteral nutrition-related hyperglycemia in critical illness: cascade conceptual model and implications for precision nursing-a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Evidence summary for optimal glycemic variability management during enteral nutrition in adult ICU patients with cerebral infarction.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Hemoglobin glycation index correlates with the prognoses of critically ill patients with hyperlipidemia: a retrospective cohort study from the MIMIC-IV database.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Development and validation of glucose trajectory subphenotypes in critically ill patients on early enteral nutrition: a retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Reinforcement learning for adaptive control of phenotypically heterogeneous bacterial populations.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Advancing Chrononutrition for Cardiometabolic Health: A 2023 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Report.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- Associations between sepsis occurrence, hemoglobin level and mortality in patients with non-trauma hemorrhagic brain injuries: trajectory-based analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and nutrition support in critically ill adult patients: a narrative review.Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe circadian timing system coordinates daily cycles in physiological functions, including glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Here, the aim was to characterise the 24-h variation in glucose levels in critically ill patients during continuous enteral nutrition after controlling for potential sources of bias.
methodsTime-stamped clinical data from adult patients who stayed in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for at least 4 days and received enteral nutrition were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database. Linear mixed-effects and XGBoost modelling were used to determine the effect of time of day on blood glucose values.
findingsIn total, 207,647 glucose measurements collected during enteral nutrition were available from 6,929 ICU patients (3,948 males and 2,981 females). Using linear mixed-effects modelling, time of day had a significant effect on blood glucose levels (p < 0.001), with a peak of 9.6 [9.5-9.6; estimated marginal means, 95% CI] mmol/L at 10:00 in the morning and a trough of 8.6 [8.5-8.6] mmol/L at 02:00 at night. A similar impact of time of day on glucose levels was found with the XGBoost regression model.
interpretationThese results revealed marked 24-h variation in glucose levels in ICU patients even during continuous enteral nutrition. This 24-h pattern persists after adjustment for potential sources of bias, suggesting it may be the result of endogenous biological rhythmicity.
fundingThis work was supported by a VENI grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), an institutional project grant, and by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.