ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2024
Anxiety and depression in people with post-COVID condition: a Belgian population-based cohort study three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factorial structure of the patient health questionnaire-9 in long-term survivors of severe COVID-19.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and Depression Among Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Subcomponents of Executive Function.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Case report: Development of anxiety symptoms after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccine: a case series.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSince the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, most research has focused on the management of the acute symptoms of the disease. Yet some people tend to experience symptoms beyond the acute phase, defined as Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC). This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 and PCC on anxiety and depression.
methodsThis is a prospective longitudinal cohort study among the Belgian adult population with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection for which contact tracing was initiated. A total of 3127 people were followed-up just after their infection and three months later (from April 2021 to January 2022). Anxiety and depression were assessed at the two stages using the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire).
resultsThree months after infection, participants with PCC (50%) had an increased probability of having both anxiety and depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). The proportion with anxiety and depressive symptoms at three months were significantly higher in people with PCC (11% and 19%) compared to people without persistent COVID symptoms (3.8% and 4.2%) and to a matched sub-sample not infected with SARS-CoV-2 (6.5% and 4.3%). Having at least one acute COVID-19 symptom (p < 0.001), experiencing financial loss following the infection (p < 0.001), and different PCC symptoms were associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms worsening over time.
conclusionsThis study showed that three months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, one in two people suffer from PCC with significant consequences for their mental health. Follow-up on mental health must therefore have an important place in people suffering from PCC.
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