Trial reportNature human behaviour2024
Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills.
Trial report in Nature human behaviour, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 54 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Investigation of the Plasticity of Deep Brain Structures in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Aging (PlasMA)
Neural Mechanisms of Interpersonal Expectations on Negative Affect
Effects and Mechanisms of Temporal Interference Brain Stimulation on Memory Function in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease
Investigating the Interplay of Striatal and Hippocampal Processing in Decision-Making Using Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Advances in the application of temporal interference stimulation: a scoping review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Temporal Interference Stimulation Modulates Resting State Functional Connectivity of Motor Circuit in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Trial
- Multifocal Noninvasive Deep Brain Stimulation to Enhance Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Crossover Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Personalized high-intensity temporal interference stimulation decouples cerebellar networks to enhance implicit learning.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Optimizing tACS for working memory: differential outcomes in healthy aging and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Right Globus Pallidus in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Trial
- Temporal Interference Stimulation Boosts Working Memory Performance in the Frontoparietal Network.Human brain mapping · 2025Trial
- Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- Cerebellar rhythms: mechanisms, functions and translational opportunities.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Changing the motivation for mental work with temporal interference stimulation.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Duration-dependent attenuation of nucleus accumbens synchronisation via noninvasive temporal interference.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Impact of brain anisotropy on transcranial temporal interference stimulation: numerical analysis toward reliable montage optimization.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Article
- Temporal interference stimulation for deep brain neuromodulation in humans.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Mapping the Global Trajectory and Key Trends of Temporal Interference Stimulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Applications, and Translational Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Motor Cortex Produces Frequency-Dependent Analgesia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Noninvasive Stimulation of Contralateral Primary Motor Cortex Reduces the Amount of Skill Generalization to the Untrained Arm: Primary Motor Cortex and Intermanual Skill Generalization.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Inter-individual variation of cellular and gene-expression properties of the human striatum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Reinforcement feedback can improve motor learning, but the underlying brain mechanisms remain underexplored. In particular, the causal contribution of specific patterns of oscillatory activity within the human striatum is unknown. To address this question, we exploited a recently developed non-invasive deep brain stimulation technique called transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) during reinforcement motor learning with concurrent neuroimaging, in a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study. Striatal tTIS applied at 80 Hz, but not at 20 Hz, abolished the benefits of reinforcement on motor learning. This effect was related to a selective modulation of neural activity within the striatum. Moreover, 80 Hz, but not 20 Hz, tTIS increased the neuromodulatory influence of the striatum on frontal areas involved in reinforcement motor learning. These results show that tTIS can non-invasively and selectively modulate a striatal mechanism involved in reinforcement learning, expanding our tools for the study of causal relationships between deep brain structures and human behaviour.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.