ArticleNature communications2024
Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain.
Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Right Globus Pallidus in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Trial
- [Noninvasive nanosecond transcranial pulsed electric fields: deep-penetrating, high-field stimulation for suppressing hippocampal amyloid-β and improving cognitive function in an Alzheimer's disease model].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2026Article
- Duration-dependent attenuation of nucleus accumbens synchronisation via noninvasive temporal interference.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles Enable Modulation of Cortical Networks by Low-Intensity Static Magnetic Fields In Vitro.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Temporal interference stimulation for deep brain neuromodulation in humans.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- [Electric-field modeling, simulation, and experimental analysis of multi-target temporal interference transcranial alternating current stimulation].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2026Article
- Ventral striatum temporal interference brain stimulation enhances the reward positivity event-related potential and reduces anxiety.Research square · 2026Article
- Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation: A Brief Review of Architectures, Circuits, and Application Challenges.IEEE open journal of engineering in medicine and biology · 2026Article
- Thalamic transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference enhances sleep spindle activity during a daytime nap.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- Transcranial temporal interference stimulation of the thalamus in a patient with disorders of consciousness: a case report.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Mapping and modulating brain dynamics in aging and neurodegeneration with electroencephalography and integrated neurotechnologies in primates.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Temporal interference stimulation of peripheral nerves induces functionally diverse limb movements revealed by automated pose estimation and unsupervised behavioral analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Predicting neural responses to intra- and extra-cranial electric brain stimulation by means of the reciprocity theorem.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Review
- TI-Toolbox: An Open-Source Software for Temporal Interference Stimulation Research.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Brain stimulation preferentially influences long-range projections.Science advances · 2025Article
- Noninvasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease Reduces Beta Activity.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Modulating Cortico-cortical Networks with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Minireview.Physical therapy research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Electrical stimulation can regulate brain activity, producing clear clinical benefits, but focal and effective neuromodulation often requires surgically implanted electrodes. Recent studies argue that temporal interference (TI) stimulation may provide similar outcomes non-invasively. During TI, scalp electrodes generate multiple electrical fields in the brain, modulating neural activity only at their intersection. Despite considerable enthusiasm for this approach, little empirical evidence demonstrates its effectiveness, especially under conditions suitable for human use. Here, using single-neuron recordings in non-human primates, we establish that TI reliably alters the timing, but not the rate, of spiking activity. However, we show that TI requires strategies-high carrier frequencies, multiple electrodes, and amplitude-modulated waveforms-that also limit its effectiveness. Combined, these factors make TI 80 % weaker than other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation. Although unlikely to cause widespread neuronal entrainment, TI may be ideal for disrupting pathological oscillatory activity, a hallmark of many neurological disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.