ArticlePloS one2024
The effect of forward postural lean on running economy, kinematics, and muscle activation.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Two Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Prescriptions on Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Obese Hispanic Females.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Relationship between Lower Limb Muscle Activation Characteristics and Running Economy in Recreational Runners.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Case Report: Asymmetric and hierarchical control in world-record rope skipping-biomechanical insights into extreme speed performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Alterations in pelvic kinematics with speed, incline, and fatigue in female runners.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundRunning economy, commonly defined as the metabolic energy demand for a given submaximal running speed, is strongly associated with distance running performance. It is commonly believed among running coaches and runners that running with increased forward postural lean either from the ankle or waist improves running economy. However, recent biomechanical research suggests using a large forward postural lean during running may impair running economy due to increased demand on the leg muscles. PURPOSE: This study tests the effect of altering forward postural lean and lean strategy on running economy, kinematics, and muscle activity.
methods16 healthy young adult runners (23±5 years, 8M/8F) ran on a motorized treadmill at 3.58m/s using three postural lean angles [upright, moderate lean (50% of maximal lean angle), and maximal lean] and two strategies (lean from ankle and lean from waist [trunk lean]). Metabolic energy consumption, leg kinematics, and muscle activation data were recorded for all trials.
resultsRegardless of lean strategy, running with an increased forward postural lean (up to 8±2 degrees) increased metabolic cost (worsened economy) by 8% (p < .001), increased hip flexion (p < .001), and increased gluteus maximus (p = .016) and biceps femoris (p = .02) muscle activation during the stance phase. This relation between running economy and postural lean angle was similar between the ankle and trunk lean strategies (p = .743).
conclusionRunning with a large forward postural lean reduced running economy and increased reliance on less efficient extensor leg muscles. In contrast, running with a more upright or moderate forward postural lean may be more energetically optimal, and lead to improved running performance.
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