ArticleJournal of primary care & community health
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines Profiles of Patients With Long COVID Differ Between Variant Epochs.
Article in Journal of primary care & community health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Use of a Handheld Non-Invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation (nVNS) Device for the Treatment of Long COVID: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of primary care & community healthTrial
- A narrative review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- CD169Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 associated neurological disorder ("HAND" to "SAND"): Viral infection as a "time-bomb" for the aging brain.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- COVID-19 and Lung Cancer Interactions: A Literature Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Inflammatory Milieu and Specific T-Cell Response Observed Three Months and One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Long COVID Subjects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Inflammatory, fibrotic and endothelial biomarker profiles in COVID-19 patients during and following hospitalization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Molecular Mechanisms of Cognitive Dysfunction in Long COVID: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Health Resort Treatment Mitigates Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Retrospective Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Proposed Physiological Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Conditions: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Altered Body Composition and Cytokine Production in Patients with Elevated HOMA-IR after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Overlapping conditions in Long COVID at a multisite academic center.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Long COVID and hypermobility spectrum disorders have shared pathophysiology.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOver 30% of patients with COVID-19 have persistent symptoms that last beyond 30 days and referred to as Long COVID. Long COVID has been associated with a persistent elevation in peripheral cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. This study reports cytokine profiles of patients in our clinic across SARS-COV-2 variant epochs.
methodsThe clinical cytokine panel was analyzed in patients with Long COVID during periods that were stratified according to variant epoch. The 4 variant epochs were defined as: (1) wild-type through alpha, (2) alpha/beta/gamma, (3) delta, and (4) omicron variants.
resultsA total of 390 patients had the clinical cytokine panel performed; the median age was 48 years (IQR 38-59) and 62% were female. Distribution by variant was wild-type and alpha, 50% (n = 196); alpha/beta/gamma, 7.9% (n = 31); delta, 18% (n = 72); and omicron, 23% (n = 91). Time to cytokine panel testing was significantly longer for the earlier epochs. Tumor necrosis factor-α ( DISCUSSION: When stratified by variant epoch, patients with early epoch Long COVID had persistently elevated peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine levels when compared to later epoch Long COVID. Patients with Long COVID have similar clusters of symptoms across epochs, suggesting that the underlying pathology is independent of the peripheral cytokine signature.
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