ArticleNucleic acids research2024
Bioinformatic analysis of type III CRISPR systems reveals key properties and new effector families.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cyclic tri-adenylate controls a CARF-TM effector in type II Panoptes anti-phage systems.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Structural mechanism of SAM-AMP and SAM-AMPNature communications · 2026Article
- The CRISPR ring nuclease Csx15 oligomerises on cyclic nucleotide binding to regulate antiviral defence.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- Mechanistic basis for selective Csm6-2 activation by cyclic penta-adenylate in a type III CRISPR-Cas system.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Structural and functional insights into the adenosine deaminase of the type III-B CRISPR-Cas system.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Manipulation of the nucleotide pool in human, bacterial and plant immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Structure and mechanism of the broad spectrum CRISPR-associated ring nuclease Crn4.Nature communications · 2025Article
- An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems including rare variants.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- CARF-HAD phosphatase effectors provide immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A viral SAVED protein with ring nuclease activity degrades the CRISPR second messenger cA4.The Biochemical journal · 2025Article
- Diversity and abundance of ring nucleases in type III CRISPR-Cas loci.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- SAM-AMP lyases in type III CRISPR defence.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Mechanistic determinants and dynamics of cA6 synthesis in type III CRISPR-Cas effector complexes.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Selective degradation of phage RNAs by the Csm6 ribonuclease provides robust type III CRISPR immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Recognition of RNA from invading mobile genetic elements (MGE) prompts type III CRISPR systems to activate an HD nuclease domain and/or a nucleotide cyclase domain in the Cas10 subunit, eliciting an immune response. The cyclase domain can generate a range of nucleotide second messengers, which in turn activate a diverse family of ancillary effector proteins. These provide immunity by non-specific degradation of host and MGE nucleic acids or proteins, perturbation of membrane potentials, transcriptional responses, or the arrest of translation. The wide range of nucleotide activators and downstream effectors generates a complex picture that is gradually being resolved. Here, we carry out a global bioinformatic analysis of type III CRISPR loci in prokaryotic genomes, defining the relationships of Cas10 proteins and their ancillary effectors. Our study reveals that cyclic tetra-adenylate is by far the most common signalling molecule used and that many loci have multiple effectors. These typically share the same activator and may work synergistically to combat MGE. We propose four new candidate effector protein families and confirm experimentally that the Csm6-2 protein, a highly diverged, fused Csm6 effector, is a ribonuclease activated by cyclic hexa-adenylate.
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