Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38807951›Full record

ArticleACS applied polymer materials2024

β-Phase Crystallinity, Printability, and Piezoelectric Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/Cyclopentyl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (Cp-POSS) Melt-Compounded Blends.

Toby R Edwards, Rahul Shankar, Paul G H Smith, Jacob A Cross, Zoe A B Lequeux, Lisa K Kemp, Zhe Qiang, Scott T Iacano, Sarah E Morgan

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS applied polymer materials, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Toby R EdwardsSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Rahul ShankarSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Paul G H SmithSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Jacob A CrossSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Zoe A B LequeuxSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Lisa K KempSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.
Zhe QiangSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-9053
Scott T IacanoDepartment of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, 2355 Fairchild Drive, Suite 2N225, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States.
Sarah E MorganSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8796-9548

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a semicrystalline polymer that exhibits unique piezoelectric characteristics along with good chemical resistance and high thermal stability. Layer-based material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing of PVDF is desired to create complex structures with piezoelectric properties; however, the melt processing of PVDF typically directs the formation of the α crystalline allomorph, which does not contribute to the piezoelectric response. In this work, PVDF was compounded with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and cyclopentyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Cp-POSS) nanostructured additives in binary and ternary blends to improve MEX printability while maintaining piezoelectric performance. Overall crystallinity and β phase content were evaluated and quantified using a combination of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Enhancement of MEX printability was measured by quantifying the interlayer adhesion and warpage of printed parts. All blends studied contained a significant percentage of β allomorph, but it could be detected by ATR-FTIR only after the removal of a thin surface layer. Inclusion of 1% Cp-POSS and up to 10% PMMA in blends with PVDF improved interlayer adhesion (2.3-3.6x) and lowered warpage of MEX printed parts compared to neat PVDF. The blend of 1% Cp-POSS/1% PMMA/PVDF was demonstrated to significantly improve the quality of MEX printed parts while showing similar piezoelectric performance to that of neat PVDF (average piezoelectric coefficient 24 pC/N). MEX printing of PVDF blends directly into usable parts with significant piezoelectric performance while reducing the challenges of printing the semicrystalline polymer opens the potential for application in a number of high value sectors.

Identifiers

PMID38807951
PMCPMC11129178

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.