ArticleDrug testing and analysis2025
Human metabolism of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids hexahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabiphorol and their acetates using hepatocytes and urine samples.
Article in Drug testing and analysis, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Comparative GC-MS and LC-MS/MS characterization of four 8-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol stereoisomers and their TMS derivatives.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- A Sustainable Air-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Procedure Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of 11-Nor-9-carboxy-ΔJournal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- In Vitro Metabolism of ΔDrug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Preliminary pharmacokinetic investigations of hydroxylated metabolites after controlled inhalative and oral consumption of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoids in Forensic Toxicology and Public Health: Analytical Challenges, Emerging Detection Strategies, and Regulatory Implications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hexahydrocannabinol-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury: a case report combining comprehensive toxicokinetic and metabolomic investigations.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Rapid LC-QTOF-MS screening method for semi-synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2026Article
- Stereoselective Synthesis and Structural Confirmation of All Four 8-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol Stereoisomers.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Characterising a New Cannabis Trend: Extensive Analysis of Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoid-Containing Seizures From Germany.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
- Identifying metabolites of new psychoactive substances using in silico prediction tools.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Preliminary pharmacokinetic and psychophysical investigations after controlled oral and inhalative consumption of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Human metabolism of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids hexahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabiphorol and their acetates using hepatocytes and urine samples.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) and their acetates, HHC-O and HHCP-O, respectively, are emerging in Europe as alternatives to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC, HHCP, HHC-O and HHCP-O from incubation with human hepatocytes. The metabolites of HHC were also identified in authentic urine samples. HHC, HHCP, HHC-O and HHCP-O were incubated with primary human hepatocytes for 1, 3 and 5 h. Authentic urine samples from cases screened positive for cannabis in blood using ELISA but confirmed negative were analysed both non-hydrolysed and hydrolysed for HHC metabolites. Potential metabolites were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QToF-MS). HHC and HHCP were primarily metabolised through monohydroxylation (monoOH), followed by oxidation to a carboxylic acid metabolite. HHC-O and HHCP-O were rapidly metabolised to HHC and HHCP, respectively. In authentic urine samples, 18 different metabolites were identified, and 99.3% of hydroxylated metabolites were glucuronidated. 11-OH-HHC, 5'OH-HHC and another metabolite with a monoOH on the side chain were the only metabolites present in all 16 urine samples. The metabolism of HHC and HHCP were similar, although the longer alkyl side chain of HHCP (heptyl) led to greater hydroxylation on the side chain than HHC (pentyl). The use of HHC and HHCP can be differentiated from the use of THC and other phytocannabinoids, but the use of the acetate analogues may not be differentiable from their non-acetate analogues.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.