Global Ethical Principles in Healthcare Networks, Including Debates on Euthanasia and Abortion.

In today's ever-evolving healthcare landscape, the focus is shifting towards integrated care, inter-organizational cooperation, and healthcare networks (HCNs) as alternatives to traditional healthcare institutions. This transformation is driven by factors such as an aging population and increasing healthcare costs, necessitating a reevaluation of ethical considerations to ensure the well-being of patients remains central. This review provides a narrative overview of ethics within HCNs, with a focus on patient-centered medical ethics. It elaborates on the four fundamental ethical principles, namely justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. The principle of justice underscores HCNs' ethical obligation to provide equitable and transparent access to all patients, ensuring fairness in resource allocation. The principle of nonmaleficence underscores the responsibility to prioritize patient safety, while beneficence obliges HCNs to ensure continuity of care across all dimensions. Furthermore, the principle of autonomy is redefined as a commitment to actively promote and respect patient choices. HCNs that do not adhere to these ethical principles raise concerns and lack ethical justification. Additionally, the review delves into the legal aspects of euthanasia and abortion, both of which present complex ethical challenges in healthcare systems globally. A comparative analysis is provided, examining their legal status in Islamic countries, European nations, and the United States. This study sheds light on the evolving ethical landscape in HCNs and the diverse global perspectives on contentious issues. Therefore, harmonizing legislation and defining appropriate boundaries are crucial steps toward upholding ethical standards in healthcare practices on a global scale.