ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2024
Community-led approaches to making naloxone available in public settings: Implementation experiences in the HEALing communities study.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Locations of emergency medical services attended non-fatal opioid-involved overdoses, 888 counties, USA, 2022-2024.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- National review of state laws on opioid antagonists in Kindergarten-12th grade schools across the United States.Harm reduction journal · 2026Review
- Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to opioid overdose among college students.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Optimizing placement of public-access naloxone kits using geospatial analytics: a modelling study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Article
- Barriers and Facilitators to Naloxone Access for Adolescents: A Narrative Review.Substance use : research and treatmentReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExpanding public naloxone access is a key strategy to reduce opioid overdose fatalities. We describe tailored community-engaged, data-driven approaches to install and maintain naloxone housing units (naloxone boxes) in New York State and estimate the cost of these approaches.
methodsGuided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, we collected data from administrative records and key informant interviews that documented the unique processes employed by four counties enrolled in the HEALing Communities Study to install and maintain naloxone housing units. We conducted a prospective micro-costing analysis to estimate the cost of each naloxone housing unit strategy from the community perspective.
resultsWhile all counties used a coalition to guide action planning for naloxone distribution, we identified unique approaches to implementing naloxone housing units: 1) County-led with technology expansion; 2) County-led grassroots; 3) Small-scale rural opioid overdose prevention program (OOPP) contract and 4) Comprehensive OOPP contract including overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) to individuals. The first two county-led approaches had lower cost per naloxone dose disbursed ($28-$38) compared to outsourcing to an OOPP ($183-$266); costs depended on services added to installing and maintaining units, such as OEND. Barriers included competing demands on public health resources (i.e., COVID-19) and stigma toward naloxone and opioid use disorder. Geographic access was a barrier in rural areas whereas existing infrastructure was a facilitator in urban counties. The policy landscape in New York State, which provides free naloxone kits and financial support to OOPPs, facilitated implementation in all counties.
conclusionsIf a community has the resources, installing and maintaining naloxone housing units in-house can be less expensive than contracting with an outside partner. However, contracts that include OEND may be more effective at reaching target populations. Financial support from health departments and legislative authorization are important facilitators to making naloxone available in public settings.
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