ReviewViruses2024
Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes.
Review in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Uptake of Shingles, Influenza, COVID-19 and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Three-Centre Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Long-term kinetics of anti-RBD IgG antibodies 16 months after COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco: a longitudinal cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clinical relevance of circulating blood microaggregates and reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus in long-term Post-CoVID syndrome patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The inflammation-immunosuppression loop as a driver of immune dysfunction and secondary infections in severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Viral Sepsis: Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Therapeutics-A Summary of Key Findings and Insights from the Special Issue.Viruses · 2025Article
- Clustering and time series analyses of hybrid immunity to SARS-COV-2 using data from the BQC19 biobank.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and Impact of Autumn 2023 COVID-19 Vaccination in Preventing Hospitalizations in Navarre, Spain, October 2023 to September 2024.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Post infectious fatigue and circadian rhythm disruption in long-COVID and other infections: a need for further research.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
- The changing demographics and severity in hospitalized patients across COVID-19 variants: A national cohort study.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms cluster as primary drivers of Long COVID complexity: a South Texas retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Review
- Beyond Antivirals: Alternative Therapies for Long COVID.Viruses · 2024Review
- Prolactin Role in COVID-19 and Its Association with the Underlying Inflammatory Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Clinical Outcomes of Special Populations: A Scoping Review of the Literature.Viruses · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, known as hybrid immunity. The different immune reactions, conditional on vaccination status and the viral variant involved, bear implications for inflammatory responses, patient outcomes, pathogen transmission rates, and lingering post-COVID conditions. Considering these developments, we have performed a review of recently published literature, aiming to disentangle the intricate relationships among immunological profiles, transmission, the long-term health effects post-COVID infection poses, and the resultant clinical manifestations. This investigation is directed toward understanding the variability in the longevity and potency of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by immunization and hybrid infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.