Serial dependence requires visual awareness: Evidence from continuous flash suppression.

The visual system often undergoes a relatively stable perception even in a noisy visual environment. This crucial function was reflected in a visual perception phenomenon-serial dependence, in which recent stimulus history systematically biases current visual decisions. Although serial dependence effects have been revealed in numerous studies, few studies examined whether serial dependence would require visual awareness. By using the continuous flash suppression (CFS) technique to render grating stimuli invisible, we investigated whether serial dependence effects could emerge at the unconscious levels. In an orientation adjustment task, subjects viewed a randomly oriented grating and reported their orientation perception via an adjustment response. Subjects performed a series of three type trial pairs. The first two trial pairs, in which subjects were instructed to make a response or no response toward the first trial of the pairs, respectively, were used to measure serial dependence at the conscious levels; the third trial pair, in which the grating stimulus in the first trial of the pair was masked by a CFS stimulus, was used to measure the serial dependence at the unconscious levels. One-back serial dependence effects for the second trial of the pairs were evaluated. We found significant serial dependence effects at the conscious levels, whether absence (Experiment 1) or presence (Experiment 2) of CFS stimuli, but failed to find the effects at the unconscious levels, corroborating the view that serial dependence requires visual awareness.